How Does Groupthink Affect Decision Making in an Organasation Essay

Colman(2001) in a dictionary of psychology defines groupthink as â€Å" a collective pattern of defensive avoidance , characteristic of a group decision making in organisations in which group members develop rationalisations in supporting illusions of their own infallibility and invulnerability within the organisation . †p. 318. It entails that there is more of concurrence than critical thinking when making decisions in an organisation. This article will discuss how groupthink can affect decision making in an organisation such as school, political party and airtel (Business Company). Groupthink can cause poor performance or even failure to achieve the organisations objectives. Its tendency of seeking concurrence can for example make a wrong decision triumph (Shepherd, 1964). For instance, a cafeteria committee can change the supplier of food stuffs. If the group does not objectively consider the decision may end up selecting poor food stuffs that may be unhealthy to the students. Coon and Mitterer (2007) state that the urge to make such decisions may arise from the need to maintain others approval even at the cost of critical thinking. In apolitical party groupthink results in poor allocation of resources. For example, parties spend a great deal of resources of University Party Wings at the expense of the grassroots electorate. It a phenomenon that protectors of their group do not scrutinise critically but merely sustains the tradition due to failure to see other alternatives that could be available. Groupthink creates failed systems in organisations (Harvard business School, Online). Institutions are likely to repeat or continue of ineffective projects. Members of a group converge their opinions without objective analysis (Brown, 1965). This results in no consultations as outer groups are seen as enemies. They also feel to be infallible. A failed system is thus likely to emerge due to groupthink. For instance, airtel introduced some irrelevant airtime bundles which they had to reverse after some time because they discovered that they made two identical bundles. In a school as an institution, a possible example of how groupthink can affect decision making is that some students in class may yield to groupthink. Teachers have to note the enormous ability of students to influence others in decisions. Through groupthink learners might agree on a wrong decision or force others to agree (Gage, 1995). Learners may thus fail to grasp the intended learning outcomes. Groupthink also affects decision making in organisations in the way that solutions that are initially presented by most members are never re-examined to seek out less obvious shortfalls and strengths. They even fail examine those original points that were supported by the majority. This leads to decisions that result in costly mistakes. For example, there could be an element of groupthink in primary schools who force learners to pay money to access the free primary education. The teachers claim that the money is for the salary for watchmen among other claims, yet it is clear that that is the duty of government. The results in such primary schools has been increased abscondment let alone drop outs. Similarly, some primary school committees have decided to compel learners to be fetching firewood for the as School Feeding Programme. This costs students time and the rationality of the decision is questionable. The other way in which groupthink affects decision making in organisation is that decisions are centre around the control of one person usually a leader who protects the group from adverse information that might undermine the existing complacency. Direct pressure is also mounted on any member who might hold dissenting views on consensus opinion (Colman, 2001; Weiten, 2007). This automatically rules out comfortable participation from members there by compromising the credibility of an rganisation’s decisions. This in turn blocks communication flow which is vital in any organisation. For example, in Political Parties such tendencies lead to divisions manifested in emergency of mutinies such as that of United Democrat Front earlier this year when others went on with the Convention while other shunned it. In conclusion, groups are supposedly thought to have high likelihood of making brilliant decisions yet this is not always the case (Cartwright and Zander, 1968 cited in Levine and Moreland, 1995). It has been found that groupthink can affect the decision making in organisations that lead to poor decisions. Costy mistakes are made, objectives are not effectively achieved and groups fail to change a failing policy. Whyte (1989) points out that the wish for unanimity overrides members motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. Thus, it can be argued generally that the effect of groupthink in organisation decision making is that it declines the quality of decisions tha t compromise the ambitions, efficiency and productivity of an organisation.

The Crucible Diary

I cannot believe that John Proctor! Why has he chosen his sniveling wife over me? I am more of a woman than Goody Proctor. Goody Proctor does possess of the qualities needed of a good wife. She is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, simple, and talented. However, I possess the qualities of a lover. I am intelligent, able, and adventurous. To be blatantly honest, I think any man would be lucky to call me his wife. Diary, why am I good enough for any man, but I am not good enough for the man I desire? I know why. It is because I want a married man. Diary, do you agree that John should leave Goody Proctor and marry me? Do you think I am better than she is? I believe I would be a much better wife. Think about it, if Goody Proctor were good to John would he have come to me? I do not believe so. To me, it is the duty of a wife to keep her husband satisfied and in line. However, if John had not strayed from his wife, John would have never sought me. If John had never sought me, I would have never felt love. John may have sought me, but he is still married to Goody Proctor. She is keeping me from my John. Because of that, I loathe her. There is not a single thing in the world that she can do that I cannot. She can cook, clean, and pray. I can do all that, and even more! I am willing to do anything to be with my John. All I want is to be with him. Diary, do you have any ideas to cause the end of the Proctor marriage? I believe I do. I will receive vengeance on Goody Proctor. I will claim that Goody Proctor is a witch! It is a brilliant idea. When Salem village hears of this, the village people will believe it and order her hanging. It is genius! I would be overcome with joy to see the body of Goody Proctor hanging. At last, I would be with my beloved John! Oh Diary, I know it is a terrible to wish death upon someone, but in this case, Goody Proctor's death is necessary in order for John and me to be together. Diary, I need to be with John. He loves me and I love him. I know we are destined to be with one another. Diary, I thank you for listening to me. You have always been a faithful friend. Besides John, no one seems to want to listen to me, Oh, how I miss my John! Oh no, I fear Uncle has arrived home. I must go. He will be expecting me. I promise I will write again soon. Love, Abbey

Gsm Specification & Air Interface

[pic] WHAT IS GSM GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephone systems in the world. The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM Specifications-I RF Spectrum GSM 900 1. Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 MHz 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink):935-960 MHz 3. Bandwidth: 2* 25 MHz GSM 1800 1. Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz 2. BTS to Mobile (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz 3. Bandwidth: 2* 75 MHz GSM Specification-II 1. Carrier Separation : 200 KHz 2. Duplex Distance : 45 MHz 3. No. of RF carriers : 124 4. Access Method : TDMA/FDMA 5. Modulation Method: GMSK 6. Modulation data rate: 270. 833 Kbps ADVANTAGES OF GSM: 1. GSM uses radio frequencies efficiently & due to the digital radio path the system tolerates more intercellular disturbances. 2. The average quality of speech achieved is better than in existing analogue systems. 3. Data transmission is supported throughout the system. 4. Speech is encrypted & subscriber information security is guaranteed. . Due to the ISDN compatibility, new services are offered compared to analogue systems. 6. International roaming is technically possible within all the countries concerned. 7. The large market toughens the competition & lowers the prices both for investments & usages. GSM SPECIFICATIONS The main idea behind the GSM specifications is to define several open interfaces which then are limiting certain parts of the GSM system. Because of this interface, openness the operator maintaining the network may obtain different parts of the network from different GSM network suppliers. Also when an interface is open it defines strictly what is happening through the interface & this in turn strictly defines what kind of actions/procedures/functions should ne implemented between the interfaces. STRUCTURE OF GSM: [pic] GSM Specifications: Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the following basic terms: * Bandwidth —the range of a channel's limits; the broader the bandwidth, the faster data can be sent * Bits per second (bps) —a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are equivalent to one byte * Frequency —the number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) Kilo (k) —kilo is the designation for 1,000; the abbreviation kbps represents 1,000 bits per second * Megahertz (MHz) —1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second) * Milliseconds (ms) —one-thousandth of a second * Watt (W) —a measure of power of a transmitter Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and characteristics for GSM. * Frequency band — the frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). * Duplex distance —The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. * Channel separation —The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. * Modulation —Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). * Transmission rate —GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. * Access method —GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot. * Speech coder —GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps. GSM Subscriber Services There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as tele services) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber services are supported by GSM: * Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) —DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the telephone network, such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM supports full-originating DTMF. * Facsimile group III —GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax machines are designed to be connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM–connected fax to communicate with any analog fax in the network. * Short message services —A convenient facility of the GSM network is the short message service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be received. * Cell broadcast —A variation of the short message service is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports on accidents. * Voice mail —This service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscriber's voice-mail box and the subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code. * Fax mail —With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service center from which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number. Supplementary Services GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows. * Call forwarding —This service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally. Barring of outgoing calls —This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls. * Barring of incoming calls —This function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN. * Advice of charge (AOC) —The AOC service provides the mobile subscribe r with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of AOC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AOC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements. * Call hold —This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony. * Call waiting —This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched connection. Multiparty service —The multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation—that is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony. * Calling line identification presentation/restriction —These services supply the called party with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction se rvice enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation. * Closed user groups (CUGs) —CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling themselves and certain numbers. AIR INTERFACE In cellular telephone communications, the air interface is the radio-frequency portion of the circuit between the cellular phone set or wireless modem (usually portable or mobile) and the active base station. As a subscriber moves from one cell to another in the system, the active base station changes periodically. Each changeover is known as a handoff. A cellular connection is only as good as its weakest link, which is almost always the air interface. Radio-frequency (RF) circuits are subject to many variables that affect signal quality. Factors that can cause problems include: * Use of the handheld phone set or portable wireless modem inside buildings, cars, buses, trucks, or trains * Proximity to human-made, steel-frame obstructions, especially large buildings and freeway overpasses * Abundance of utility wires that can reflect radio signals and/or generate noise that interferes with reception * Irregular terrain, particularly canyons and ravines * Inadequate transmitter power in phone set or wireless modem Poorly designed antenna in phone set or wireless modem In addition to these variables, some cellular networks have inadequate coverage in certain geographic areas. Usually this is because there are not enough base stations to ensure continuous communications for subscribers using portable (handheld) phone sets. As a network evolves, more base stations may be installed in a given region, and in that case, this problem will dim inish with time. Conversion of a network from analog to digital can result in dramatic improvement.

Truman and his exchanges of messages with pope pius XII and its Essay

Truman and his exchanges of messages with pope pius XII and its consequences - Essay Example In his first letter to the Pope, he stated that he was dully elected and would ensure that the people in the country lived in a peaceful nation. However, in this letter, he insinuated that the nature of the church was to adore politics and war. The president openly expressed his idea of not calling the Pope His Holiness as this was a title that was only befitting God. Since he was not God or anything closer to God, he would only refer him with his official names. At this point, he also stated that the government was principled to ensure that the church would not meddle in the businesses conducted by the government (Muehlenbeck, 45). Therefore, the church would not be involved in the internal affairs of the government. If the government would include the church in their internal affairs, it would be a retrogressive drill. For instance, he stated that Europe was undeveloped because of indulgence of the church in its internal affairs. In addition to this, the president stated that the c hurch was the leader in instigating war, while pretending to spread peace in the country (Devine, 32). The president included a stern warning that was directed towards the church, stating that the great nation would not be duped into accepting the ways of the wicked. These messages were monumental in that they were directed towards making a peaceful coexistence in the American democracy. In this letters, the Pope openly expressed he need to have urgent solutions to the problems that were in the country. In his letters, he expressed the need to have American relief streams that would help the people, in the war and even after the war that had erupted (Dolezalova, Martin and Papousek, 29). In addition to this, the Pope expressed the need to put the national interests a first priority. With this, he meant that they all were to ensure that the war was not extended to other parts of the country. To maintain a peaceful environment, the Pope suggested that the government should explore all the possibilities that could be used (Burleigh, 11). This was also to ensure there was an end to human suffering which was mostly caused by hostility arising from the conflict in the country. With these events, it is evident that the church and the president were not in agreement. The church was in line with making a peaceful existence in the country, while the president was concerned with the church’s indulgence in the politics of the nation. As such, their differences were not contained (Potworowski, 13). This led to a drift between the church and the president, with the president insisting that the Pope had no powers to control the interests of the country. For instance, in a letter addressed to the Pope, the president openly expressed his concerns of the â€Å"catholic culture† and how it could influence the country if it were given the mandate to govern the world again (Gaddis, 28). In his support, the president also inclined the fact that the government would no t spend its hard earned resources in sending young people to help other people. Though he expressed the need for peace in the United States of America, it was sheer irony (Suderman, 32). The president was not doing anything to control the eruption of war, yet he was on the frontline in condemning the church against their indulgence in the internal affairs of the country. In relaying all the letters addressed to the president, the Pope openly

Analysis of Media Coverage of the Summers Controversy Essay

Analysis of Media Coverage of the Summers Controversy - Essay Example Summers emphasized that this evidential difference between men and women in sciences could not be overlooked. The media blew Summers’ remarks out of proportion in the ensuing controversy, reporting that the academic was a chauvinist, who upheld the notion that women are naturally inferior to men.   In my opinion, the media framed and perpetuated the controversy, missing out on the fact that he was hypothesizing on the significant gap between men and women while trying to provoke further research into the issue. Summers was wrong to state that women are inherently inferior to men since he did not have any scientific evidence to prove this; further, his tendency to understate the role of gender and socialization in the same, lowers the credibility of his hypotheses. Summers' controversial remarks were first published in the Boston Globe newspaper. The paper primarily focused on the Harvard president’s second suggestion on the potential cause for fewer female representat ives in sciences. This statement quoted Summers stating that males attain higher test scores in science and math than females. He continued to say that although nobody could explain this occurrence, studies in behavioral genetics shows that aspects usually attributed to conditioning or socialization could actually be based on biology. The Boston Globe reported that conference participants said that in making this point, Larry Summers was implying that women do not possess the same scientific and mathematical ability as men.  

AnimeMethod and Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AnimeMethod and Meaning - Essay Example The substance of this prose will analyze the production and narrative of the anime in light of eminent feature Anime films and series. One of the greatest treasures in the world of Japanese anime is Studio Ghibli and their master creator, Hayao Miyazaki. His anime like spirited away, Nausicaa of the valley of the wind and Mononoke Hime are one of the great anime features that define almost every individual’s childhood. These anime consisted of fantastic animation, with vibrant color schemes and used computer graphics. Studio Ghibli even defied some of the norms set by their very own animation industry. The characters in Studio Ghibli anime had proportionate eyes as opposed to the extremely over-sized eyes in other mainstream anime and also the hair color of the characters was close to what was natural unless the character had a supernatural origin. The end result was that the animation style was smooth and had a very intense, life-like feel to it. One of the most recurring sub -genres in almost all of Miyazaki anime was the concept of steampunk. Steampunk is a cinematic concept that shows the use of steam-powered machines rather than the use of sophisticated technology. For Miyazaki, the use of Steampunk was meant to juxtapose east with west and man with nature, because steam power is generated using coal that is extracted from the earth. Moreover, it is a viable method of creating machinery but there are alternate power sources as well that the West had come up with and the anime tried to explore the aspect of Japan trying to catch up with their western counterparts. (Shaner 2011) All three of the aforementioned anime went on to gain critical acclaim, but it was not the production style that caught the audience’s but it was the amazing storyline that went with it. All three of these anime were metaphors for some important events and controversies that had grabbed the entire world. Mononoke Hime is about a girl Mononoke raised by wolves who fights to protect the forest, and another sub-plot involves Prince Ashitaka, who has been poisoned by possessed boar and then sets out to save the spirit of nature. The film was ranked high because of its deep message regarding environment preservation and has taken inspiration from many historical incidents. Most notably, the anime feature hits upon the use of Atomic bomb and other destructive weapons that not only destroy life but the world we live in as well. Moreover, the movie was also a metaphorical representation of the struggle by the Japanese government to have a more balanced approach for the environment and rapid modernization. The event gained media attention after the announcement regarding the construction of Narita Airport. There was a huge furor particularly from the agricultural sector and the farmer, who strongly opposed the construction project. (Selin & Kalland 2003, 178) Naturally, the biggest concern for the people and activists was the environment and even though, th e government had suppressed all sorts of rebellion from the farmers but the activists did try to sabotage the project all throughout the 70’s (Selin & kalland 2003, 178). Therefore, Princess Mononoke was a loose adaptation of the events that transpired during the 70’s and the forest creatures, and the titular character and Prince Ashitaka represented the farmers and activists

Case Study On A Patient With Necrotic Fasciitis Essay

Case Study On A Patient With Necrotic Fasciitis - Essay Example It spreads easily on the focal plane within the affected tissue. Depending on their origin, they can be categorized as poly or microbial. The monomicrobial infections occur due to group A streptococcus. It is common among the healthiest individuals, and those who historically experienced such cases such as trauma, intravenous drug, and surgery. Studies indicate that the post-operative necrotizing fasciitis accounts for twenty eight percent of all the other cases (Davis et al, 2008) . As noted by Chsn, Withey, and Butler (2006) 3 percent of wound infection occur as a result of a vein stripping, and saphenofemoral junction. Other studies showed that incidences of NF have increased and there occurance rate is thought to range between 0.4 to 0.53 each year in the U.S (Anaya & Dellinger, 2006). Worth noting, is the fact that both pre-existing co-morbidities, the young and healthy persons are affected. Various studies have explored this area, however, early diagnosis for a satisfactory tre atment is still a challenge (Balaji, 2008; Anaya & Dellinger, 2006; Cha & Falanga, 2007). With a view to close up this gap, this paper explores the case study of a twenty one year old woman with a history of Knee trivial injury (Diagram 1). The patient was first treated and admitted for septic arthritis. It was followed by diagnosing her with necrotizing fasciitis, which was treated successfully. Background information. NF or the Necrotizing fasciitis involves a soft tissue severe infection reported to rapidly progress into the human tissue (Balaji, 2008). The disease progresses into the subcutaneous and fascia tissues and in some cases can affect the skin and other muscles. From the 18th century, this rare infection has been identified by different names such as hospital gangrene, Foutnier’s gangrene, phagedena gangrenosum, and the Meleney’s gangrene (Ahn, Mulligan, & Salcido, 2008). Ahn, Mulligan, & Salcido, 2008), Anaya & Dellinger, 2006). This disease is common to individuals with immune systems that are compromised after some chronic illness. A good number of infections are as a result of organisms which can be found in the skin of an individual (Chan, Withey, & Butler, 2006). The disease occurs in those individuals having an apparent normal condition. It starts locally at the trauma site which could be minor, non-apparent, or even severe. The patients have been reported to have pain complaints, which may appear excessive even from the extern skin appearance. The patients, on the other hand, have been reported to display signs such as fever, inflammation, and tachycardia (Balaji, 2008. The Case study. A twenty one year old woman from an emergency department of a different hospital was referred to the orthopedic unit. The patient had no co-morbidities, and had a trivial injury history of her right knee. Accidentally, she hit his right knee to a wall some days back, thus sustaining an abrasion on the knee. She complained of pain on her knee th e following day hence being forced to stop working. The pain increased during the night, and was forced to attend the department of emergency the following day. She had been referred to the emergency unit with suspicions of cullulitis or sepatic arthritis. When she arrived, she had a systematically stable and a febrile though considerable pain. Her joint had reduced movements, but increased pain. The vascular and the neurological limb examinations of the patient were

Theory of Dispute Resolution - Dispute between Shylock and Antonio Essay

Theory of Dispute Resolution - Dispute between Shylock and Antonio (Merchant of Venice) - Essay Example 1 The play does not only have an entire scene depicting a courtroom trial that had been the prime source of dispute resolution in that era and this method is also known as â€Å"litigation†, but play has also paved way for legal analysis and â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution†. The term â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution† or â€Å"ADR† refers to a repertoire of mechanism that can substitute court trials and litigation efforts to resolve a dispute; they largely entail discussions between the disputant parties. 2 ADR is further subdivided into negotiation, mediation, arbitration or adjudication and ombudsmen schemes; these methods are also known as â€Å"out-of-court settlements† and often entail the involvement of a third party to assess the situation and give their unbiased opinions on the matter. Although, ADR methods cannot substitute courtroom trials or litigations in all matters but they are cost-effective and are less time consuming. ADR me thods actually aim to eradicate the root or the main cause of dispute that enables the disputant parties to resolve their issue as healthily as possible without having any detrimental repercussions on any of the parties involved. It is important to understand that the procedures followed by each of the ADR methods is essentially the same, the only difference lies in the implementation of the final verdicts. Hence, the decisions in a dispute are non-binding if they are made through â€Å"mediation† and â€Å"negotiations†3. On the other hand, all decisions can either be binding or non-binding if they are made through arbitration and adjudication, respectively. It largely depends upon the agreement made with the third party. Arbitration is binding, the verdict is implemented whether the decision is approved by either parties or not; whereas, adjudication is non-binding and if the verdicts are not approved by the parties then it is nullified and the parties can actually a pproach the court for a resolution. Thus, it can be deduced that for ADR methods to work, the entire process is largely contingent upon the willingness of the parties to establish a truce. In case, ADR fails to find a solution to the problem then litigation serves as a last resort method to aid the individuals in reaching an agreement. Adjudication or arbitration is often referred to as a private version of a courtroom trial but is a much more formal process than a court hearing. All of ADR methods parallel each other in many ways but there are certain differences that stem from how binding the verdict is and the degree of involvement of the third party in aiding the communication between the disputant individuals or groups. 4 For instance even mediation is a parallel of litigation in every way but there some very substantial differences in the way how things are assessed in a dispute. Unlike litigation that is usually implemented in accordance with a legal principle, the guiding pr inciples in mediation can be legal, moral or religious and it is up to the disputant parties to choose a method that fulfil the parties’ needs. Justice is brought about through two aspects; the rudiments and the process through which those rudiments or standards are applied. It is apparent that adjudicative measures in resolving issues can result in a bias in the case and the justice arising from it is established using a specific line of thinking

How to Apply Strategic Management Skills Research Paper

How to Apply Strategic Management Skills - Research Paper Example   Designing Vision and Objectives for the Firm It is important for managers to define the purpose of the organization. The vision of a firm informs the employees and the customers about the purpose and value of the firm (Mind Tools, 2011). It is an essential part of an application of strategic management skills to design vision of a firm so as to guide employees regarding their behavior. Customers can also learn through the vision of a firm about how can they be benefitted by the firm. Usually, the vision of a firm is defined in a sentence or a statement commonly known as the vision statement. It entails the long-term purpose of the firm and how employees are supposed to operate in the company. Strategic management is all about taking strategic decisions and strategic decisions have certain characteristics. Strategic decisions are of high magnitude, they have a long-term focus, and they require the high level of commitment (Haberberg & Rieple, 2007). The vision statement is also a strategic decision because it has all of three characteristics. Objectives of the firm are more specific short-term targets. Strategic management skills are applied to define short-term targets for the firm and short-term targets are important for a firm because they serve as steps that can lead the firm to the long-term targets. Firms also require regular assessment of their position and for that short-term targets serve useful. The vision of a firm is a broadly defined purpose of the organization, on the other hand, objectives are short-term targets that can be measured empirically and are specific. Managers should always check whether the firm is treading on the right path or not, and vision and objectives help managers in this regard. Allocation of Resources An important job of a manager is to allocate resources between different departments of the firm. Allocation of resources should be done in a way so as to maximize the profits of the firm at the lowest possible costs. In tod ay’s dynamic business environment all the business functions have considerable importance and allocating resources between different function can be a daunting task. This is where strategic management skills come into play. It is vital that the resources are distributed in the best possible way so that the profits of the firm can be maximized. Allocation of resources should be done in such a way that objectives of the firms are achieved (Alkhafaji, 2003). Resources should be allocated keeping in mind the current standing of the firm in the market. For example, a newly founded firm should allocate more resources to marketing and product development while a relatively old firm should focus on customer satisfaction and better financial performance. This is how the decision of allocation of resources may differ in different types of firms. Today’s tough financial situations have made an efficient allocation of resources essential for firms. Almost all firms have limited re sources and it has to finance all its major operations in order to survive.  Ã‚  

UNIT 5 DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 5 DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay Example Here the cost center is a responsibility center whose employees control costs but do not control its revenues or investment level. On the other hand a revenue center is a responsibility center whose members control revenues but do not control the cost of the product or service they sell or the level of investment in the responsibility center. Thirdly there is a profit center which is a responsibility center whose manager and other employees control both the revenues and the costs of the product or service they sell or deliver. Lastly, we come up to the investment center that is a responsibility center whose manager and other employees control the revenues, costs, and the level of investment in the responsibility center. If we take into account the policies incorporated by Howard Works ltd the scene could be easily clarified. In Howard Works Ltd the four aspects of Responsibility Centers are dealt in the most efficient manner. Cost centers, Revenue centers, Profit centers and Investment centers are in able hand and they are evaluated in every possible way. In Howard Works Ltd Responsibility Centers are evaluated in regular interval by the dint of underlying the accounting classifications of responsibility centers is the concept of controllability. Moreover, the controllability principle asserts that people should only be held accountable for results that they can control. Though it should be remembered that, according to Rick Dobson, the CEO of Howard Works Ltd, â€Å"it is often difficult to apply the controllability principle†. (Hobbs, 84) Rick Dobson also pointed out some problems associated with controllability; according to him the problem stays with jointly earned revenues and/or jointl y incurred costs. He also pointed out the problem regarding intricate, and often arbitrary, accounting procedures. But with management principals applied in a more perfect manner and with more vigor it is expected that these problems would gradually

Multi-Level Change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multi-Level Change - Coursework Example Meanwhile, there were two of these positions were top departmental positions. What this means was that those two positions needed to be occupied by senior employees with long years of experience in the organization’s business. The decision that was taken by the leadership was that two existing employees would be made to occupy the two top positions as a form of promotion for them. This created two new vacancies at the lower rank and three lower rank vacancies in all. Three new employees were subsequently recruited in the organization. The change created a couple of impact within the organization. At the individual level, the newly promoted employees had their human capital equipped. The promotion also served as an intrinsic motivation for them (Johnson, 2012; Gray-Toft and Anderson, 2008). All in all, their human resource base was enhanced to put up extra ordinary performance for the organization. If for nothing at all, they needed to justify their competence for the new roles that were assigned to them. At the group level also, it can be said that there was a positive impact on organizational functioning. As new group leaders who were very familiar with the existing employees, inter-personal relations became enhanced and easier (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2003). These two major impacts at the individual and group level ensure that the whole organization experienced sharp growth as the organizational culture was upheld to (Hussey and Hussey, 2007). Thereby, there was a welcoming response to the

How the Octopus Close Season Affected Womens Life in Rodrigues Essay Example for Free

How the Octopus Close Season Affected Womens Life in Rodrigues Essay Rodrigues is a 108 square kilometre, volcanic originated island, located in the Indian Ocean at around 600 kilometres at the east of the mainland Mauritius. It is surrounded by coral reef forming a lagoon with a rich biodiversity, which as twice the size of the land It was formerly known as the tenth district of Mauritius, up to the 10th of December 2002, where it attained the status of autonomy, governed by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The economy is mainly based on traditional fishing, low-scale farming, handicraft and an emerging tourism sector. One of the most common means of traditional fishing, is the famous octopus catch, which is mainly done by the Rodriguan women, known here as the â€Å"piqueuse d’ourite†. This is done at low tide where the fisherman equipped with iron rods, pace up and down the coral barrier, in search of a hole where nests the mollusc. The new government elected in February this year, expressed the wish to consolidate sustainable developments and protect local resources, for food security and protection of the environment. In this connection a regulation was adopted by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly in July 2012 for the closure of octopus catch season as from August 2012 to October 2012. This program is a joint collaboration financed by Smartfish and the Rodrigues Regional assembly. Smartfish is a regional programme financed by the European Union and is implemented by the Indian Ocean Commission in collaboration with the Common Market for Eastern and southern Africa (COMESA) , the east African community (EAC) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development ( IGAB). The Octopus fishers were called for a half day work in the interest of the environment against remuneration in order for them to cope with the loss of earnings. The fisherwoman at the beginning of the project found a lot of difficulties to adapt with it. They used to sell their octopus on days where they go fishing and hence handling money in small quantities, spread over several days. In the program they were paid after a week of work. They found much trouble to wait for the pay and had to adapt themselves to a new form of budgeting and a new form of saving in order to meet expenses for the coming days before next payment. For example Mrs Cupidon of Baladirou, a professional fisherwoman, who use to earn around Rs 300 each time she goes fishing, uses go to the nearby shop everyday where she buys food for the day and keeps around Rs 25 rupees to pay the electricity bill at the end of the month. Now being paid after a week forced her to seek for credit and pay after one week, it has been hard for her to persuade the shop owner to grant her such service. Locating an octopus in the sea is reserved to expert eyes and intuition. Since young age many â€Å" piqueuse d’ourite† have been initiated to the skill of locating the octopus’s next, to tackle it in order to force it out of its hiding place and to kill it in such a way as to avoid being hurt by the mollusc. When, they are called to exert a new profession such as to build stone retaining walls, many of them were in trouble and could not adapt themselves. Moreover it was the first time in their lives where they were placed below the supervision of a superior, where they had to be punctual and abide to the principles expected from a public worker. Many supervisors also xpressed the obstacles they had to overcome to make them respected and to impose laid principles. At a time during the programme cycle, there was a delay for payment, which had consequent and dramatic impulses on the lives of these fisherwomen. Being not used to keep savings, many of them found themselves without food. Formerly a part of their catch was kept for own consumption, but with this program they consumed only food bought from the shop. There were also absentees at school due to the fact that many women were penny less and could not provide for basic daily needs of their children. In this project, the one who benefitted the most were the fisherwoman themselves who after the opening of the season found their catch being multiplied, where the volume and size of octopus was highly satisfactory, to the point that actually they are keen for the government to repeat the project this year. The venture of this government to implement this program is to be greatly saluted as it goes in the direction of sustainable development. However some measures have to be tuned and re-adapted to suit the peculiarity of the way of living of the fisherwomen and decisions should be taken with their full collaboration.

An Overview of Anti-Discriminatory Legislation

An Overview of Anti-Discriminatory Legislation The Employment Discrimination Act looks for preventing the discrimination on the basis of sex, race, national origin, religion, age, and physical disability by the owners of the company. The increasing law’s body also works for the prevention of discrimination in employment on the base of sexual orientation. Practice of discrimination includes job assignment, bias in hiring, termination, promotion, retaliation, compensation, and different sort of employment harassment. The main body of this act comprises of state and federal statutes. The US constitution and some other state’s constitution offer extra protection when employer is governmental body and therefore government has taken numerous important steps for fostering the practices of discrimination in the workplace. Federal Employment Statutes Prohibiting Discrimination Further centralized remedies are determined in the Section 1981 of the U.S. Code in order to prevent persecution and intended perception in the place of work. Modified in 1991,  § 1981 actually offers the necessary features in order to provide an unlike influence privilege and allows adjudicators to honor compensatory and disciplinary compensations in circumstances of premeditated discrimination. Additional, the Supreme Court of United States has taken  § 1981 in recent to suggest such a private source of act for revenge claims that usually based on race (Issacharoff Nelson, 2000). A revenge statement which is based on race is that sort of act in which proprietor has reacted in contradiction of a member of staff for devising earlier filed an objection about the discrimination in the race. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, heading VII forbids discrimination in any sort of aspect regarding the relationship of the employment. The Act disallows any sort of discrimination either it is based on color, race, religion, national origin or sex. In the same way, Sex contains pregnancy, giving birth or as well as related therapeutic conditions. It usually declares it unlawful for employers to differentiate in relation to discharging, contracting, recompensing, or in other words offering the situations, and constitutional rights of occupation. Moreover hiring organizations may not differentiate in case of referring any applicant. The Act also forbids labor societies from centering association or unification categorizations which are based on color, race, religion, national origin or sex. Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts In the year 1993, the Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts was amended, and make sure that every individual has equal rights beneath the shade of this discrimination law, and list the available damages to plaintiffs and took under the Title 7 of the â€Å"Civil Rights Act†, ADA (American with Disabilities Act), and the Rehabilitation Act of 1964, 1990, and 1973 respectively (Shoben, 2003). Equal Pay Act The Fair Labor Standard Act of 1963 was amended by the Equal Pay Act. It prohibits the unions and employers from paying unequal wages on the basis of sex of employee; but not prohibits the discrimination practice in hiring. It calls for workers to be paid equally if they have equal works that require equal effort, responsibility, and skill. Age Discrimination in Employment Act This act prohibits the employer from employment discrimination based on age. This prohibition practice is approximately parallel to those practices that are listed in the Title VII, and offers protection to employees from discrimination up to the age of forty. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act is comprised of clear principle regarding retirement plans, pension, and other benefits. In the course of 2007 to 2008, statute was clarified by the Supreme Court of U.S, in three different areas: Disparate impact for filed claims under Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Employees by which the Intake Questionnaire is submitted. Personal suit of revenge by complainants. The Rehabilitation Act The objective of the Rehabilitation Act is to increase opportunities of employment in the public and private sectors both just for the physically and mentally disabled people by affirmative action programs regarding and elimination of discrimination. The employers included in the Act are among the agencies of federal government and also the workers who are receiving federal contracts above $2500 or financial assistance by the federal government. The section 793 of the Act which is handed over to the employment under the federal contracts is being in action by the Department of labor (Clermont Schwab, 2009). The section 794 of the Act which is handed over to organizations that are receiving federal assistance is being in action by The Department of Justice. The act being against to federal employees and federal agencies that publish the rules regarding to the employment of the disabled persons keep in force by The EEOC. American with Disabilities Act In order to eradicate discrimination against handicaps, Congress represented the American with Disabilities. It prevents discrimination that is based on a physical or mental disability by workers involved in commerce and governments of the state. ADA prevents discrimination much widely and broadly as compare to the demonstrably outlined by title VII (Ziegert Hanges, 2005). Black Lung Act Discrimination done by the mine workers against the miners who suffer from the disease of black lung i.e. pneumoconiosis eradicates by The Black Lung Act. Equal Payment Act The elucidation of the Title 7 of Americans with Disabilities Act, Equal Payment Act, and ADEA is being done by EEOC. The development of The Commission was done by Title VII. Section 2000e-5 of Title 42 consists of the provisions for enforcement, and Title 29 Part 1614 of the Code of Federal Regulations includes its rules, regulations and guidelines (Shoben, 2003). The employers who are left behind by those enactments which provide high protection from employment discrimination by the federal acts, similarly these enactments also involve in providing protection from employment discrimination by extending those laws which is present in the federal act. Groups who were left behind and not covered by the federal act is now being protected by the other statutes. Enactments of number of states give safety for individuals performing civil or family duties external to their normal employment. References Clermont, K. M., Schwab, S. J. (2009). Employment discrimination plaintiffs in federal court: From bad to worse. Harv. L. Poly Rev., 3, 103. Issacharoff, S., Nelson, J. (2000). Discrimination with a Difference: Can Employment Discrimination Law Accomodate the Americans with Disabilities Act. NCL Rev., 79, 307. Shoben, E. W. (2003). Disparate Impact Theory in Employment Discrimination: Whats Griggs Still Good For-What Not. Brandeis LJ, 42, 597. Ziegert, J. C., Hanges, P. J. (2005). Employment discrimination: the role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 553.

Hamlet Essay -- literary Analysis, Shakespeare

In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, protagonist Hamlet, experiences many rises and falls throughout the play that have a major impact on his mentality decline. The way in which readers interpret the character, Hamlet, can vary in many ways. For instance, Hamlet delivers many soliloquies throughout the work, giving readers a better insight of his state of mind. Additionally, two significant soliloquies in both Acts II and III show a clear view of Hamlet’s mental and emotional state. The soliloquies expressed by many characters throughout the play, signify a critical point within the plot or change of tone. For example, Hamlet’s monologue in (II.ii.563-622), he is justifying his actions, reaffirming himself that what he is planning to do to seek revenge for his father’s death, is the best thing to do. In this speech, Hamlet states, â€Å"Is it not monstrous that this player here,/ But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,/ Could force his soul so to his own conceit/That, from her working, all his visage wanned.(II.ii.565-568)† These lines can be inferred as Hamlet is questioning his own state of mind and validity of his plan. Hamlet is questioning how can a player, who acts out false emotions, can truly â€Å"catch the conscience of the King†(II.ii.622). However, he believes that the creativity exuded from the soul(II.ii,568), can effectively allow a player to perform as if they are real emotions. Hamlet’s only concern is seekin g revenge for his father’s death done at the hands of his uncle, Claudius, who now has the throne. The plot of the play to parallel to the real death of King Hamlet, allowing Hamlet to make Claudius feel uncomfortable and guilty(II.ii.578). Also, in this monologue, Hamlet states that the ghost of his father may have actua... ... instance, the speech in Act II can be seen as Hamlet’s concern with killing Claudius. Contrastingly, the speech in Act III can be seen as Hamlet just contemplating suicide. I do not believe that Hamlet is aware that Claudius and Polonius are hiding behind a tapestry during his monologue of Act III. Hamlet believes that he is truly alone and stating things that are true to his own thoughts. I believe that if Hamlet knew that Polonius and Claudius were near, he wouldn’t have stated those intimate thoughts and details of his strategic plan. In conclusion, Shakespeare’s Tragedy of Hamlet, is a tale of misfortune and deceit. Hamlet’s soliloquies were significant to this play whereas they act as markers for readers to follow the action within the play. Also, the monologues give a insight to the mind of Hamlet, allowing readers to have a better understanding the play.

Essay on Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown: Loss of Faith Faith can be defined, as a firm belief in something for which there is no proof. "Young Goodman Brown" is about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, at home alone for a night while he takes a walk down the road of temptation with the devil. Along the road he sees many people that he would never expect to see on this road, his wife included. He returns to his life in Salem a changed man. In "Young Goodman Brown" Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. Hawthorne uses symbolism to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. The character of Faith is Goodman Brown's spouse, but she is also a symbol of his faith in mankind. Brown's relationship with Faith changes as the story progresses, from tender and caring love to judgmental scorn. Brown's thoughts about Faith as he leaves on his journey are: "Poor little Faith...she's a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven"(212). This statement shows that the protagonist has a deep love for his faith and knows that it can be his salvation. Later in the journey Brown offers his faith as the last reason to abort his walk with the devil: "Well, then, to end the matter at once,... there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and I'd rather break my own!" (214). At this point his faith is still more important to him than his own life. Later, just... ...e wizard pray to?" (220). The experience in the woods causes Brown to imagine that even his wife has yielded to temptation: "He spied the head of Faith ... gazing anxiously forth, and bursting into such joy at sight of him ... But, Goodman Brown looked sternly and sadly into her face, and passed on without a greeting." (220). Brown's once steadfast faith in mankind is damaged to the point that he is suspicious of all his peers. Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization to show how easy it is to imagine that our peers have yielded to temptation when faith in the goodness of mankind is lost. Brown loses faith in humanity and starts imagining that all his peers are guilty of sin. Is mankind unworthy of our faith? No. Faith in the goodness of mankind is a belief in something for which there is proof.

Recruitment and Retention in Speech -- Language

Addressing the Significant Shortage in the Profession Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are in high demand throughout the United States. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that the United States will need â€Å"about 141, 400 SLPs through the year 2018 to meet the increasing need in the profession and to replace retiring SLPs† (2011, p. 2). The demand for qualified professional in the field continues to rise from year to year. According to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2011-2012 Edition, â€Å"employment is expected to grow 19% in the profession in the next decade† (p. 2). A report released in 2008 by the American Association for Employment in Education (AAEE) reported â€Å"SLPs are ranked 14th in the nation for fields with a considerable vacancy as related to other areas in education† (p. 8). In the state of Nebraska, the U.S. Department of Education listed speech language pathology as a â€Å"significant teacher shortage area† (2011, p. 58). Recruiting and retaining qualified professionals has impacted school districts across the nation. The frustrations of many SLPs are similar: job dissatisfaction, lack of sufficient compensation, and oversized workloads contribute to the professional shortage. Research suggests that â€Å"lack of recognition, few opportunities for promotion, excessive paperwork, loss of autonomy, lack of supplies, low pay, and stressful interpersonal interactions all contributed to teachers’ decisions to leave the schools† (Blood, Ridenour, Thomas, Qualls, & Hammer, 2002, p. 283). Job satisfaction â€Å"is the terminology used to describe whether employees are happy and contented and fulfilling their desires and needs at work† (Heathfield, n.d., para. 1). Many SLPs struggle to... ...d, S. (n.d.) Employee satisfaction. Retrieved on November 26, 2011 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/employeesurvey1/g/employee_satisfy.htm. Palacio, M. (2001). Successful strategies for addressing caseload issues. Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists & Audiologists, February 2001. Retrieved from http://speech-language-pathology-audiology.advanceweb.com/Article/Successful-Strategies-for-Addressing-Caseload-Issues.aspx. â€Å"Psychosocial support†. (n.d.). Retrieved on November 27, 2011 from http://www.ovcsupport.net/s/index.php?i=59. U.S. Department of Education. (2011). Teacher shortage area nationwide list. Retrieved on November 26, 2011 from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/pol/tsa.pdf. U.S. Department of Labor (2011). Occupational outlook handbook. Retrieved on November 22, 2011 from http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos099.pdf .

Heinz Case Study

Company made a corporate move that framed the course of their future business model. In order to increase their competitiveness, Heinz had to come up with a business strategy that would rival competitors. According to the case study, the dominant corporate strategy has been Identified as a directional strategy, which was based on analyzing the company's orientation toward growth. It was noted that the company needed to: 1) cut back on operations by simplifying their business model, 2) diversify the business to increase growth, and 3) grow nationally and globally through a merger which would also reduce debt.The first step in the strategy included streamlining their product selection which would refocus the company's business model, while also offering more flexibility. Heinz had decided to allow their two main food platforms to be the highlight of the company: meal enhancers (which included condiments of all types) and meal and snacks (including frozen and shelf-stable goods and the same made for the food service industry). In doing so, they could focus more attention to detail on their successful products such as packaging and quality, Instead of spreading themselves thin by splitting powerless with struggling products and brands.The second strategy Included Increasing growth by diversifying business. Heinz did so by engaging In concentric diversification with the Del Monte Company. By creating a synergistic relationship with a like-minded food company, Heinz was able to take stock of their product lines, figure out strengths and weakness of each, and identify which of the products would benefit from a strategic fit with Del Mote's input regarding approach and knowledge in production, marketing and/or sales. This allowed both companies to converge, growing both individually and together, thereby increasing profits and company growth.In fact, it was expected that as Whine's revenue increased by twenty percent, Del Mote's company would double in size. Lastly, th e business merger of Heinz with Del Monte Foods has not only Increased wealth, but It has reduced the debt. By allowing Its shareholders to assume a 0. 45 share of stock In Del Monte for every share that they owned In Heinz, this also allowed Del Monte to acquire twenty percent of Whine's debt. This essentially made those shareholders the majority owners in the new Del Monte. Additionally, more debt was alleviated when Heinz was able to condense dividends by thirty-three recent, which generated extra monetary flow.By 2004, Heinz was able to change its organizational structure which showcased its horizontal growth. They were able to venture into new markets through their band acquisitions from Del Monte, and created a strong presence in the following markets: North America, U. S. Foddering, Europe, Asia/Pacific, and smaller markets in Latin America, Africa, India, and the Middle East. Across the board, this resulted in profitable diversification In revenue. The appropriateness of thi s directional strategy seems to have worked In the Heinz Company's favor.Instead of continuing to be weighed down by debt, and an over-bloated portfolio of products (all of which were not profitable), the merger helped to alleviate most of the problems. If they had chose to only focus on a of debt acquired by Del Monte. Also by not choosing a parenting strategy, they allowed for more of a partnership between companies instead of a one holding more power than the other. The directional strategy seemed to offer the best combination (portfolio attention and a synergy relationship) of the latter two strategies, which worked best for the goals that Heinz Company had in mind for their own personal growth.

Estee Lauder: Integrated Marketing Communications plan Essay

Executive SummaryThe purpose of this yearsncy analysis is to identify internal and outer factors that pass on own an impact on Estee lauders merged selling colloquys broadcast (IMC). A circumstance analysis is necessary to determine the patch Estee extoller is mensesly occupying, in hurt of finances, promotional strategies, harvest-home range and soft touch ikon. A stark(a) analysis bequeath help identify whatever opportunities and authorisation threats that the leavey may come crosswise and the effect that these opportunities and threats lead agree on their immature IMC chopine. Strengths and Weaknesses show in any case be determine and taken into account as the new-fashioned IMC program is developed.As opus of the internal analysis Estee laudators non circulating(prenominal) promotional mix strategies provide be assessed and evaluated. Strengths and failinges leave alike be evaluated in terms of sucker image and the intersection points and s ervices they continue were withal identified. Estee lauders veritable promotional system has a strong tenseness on advertising in pedigrees of print media indoors media relevant to its objective lens commercialise such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as contrive magazines including, harpists Bazaar and In Style. Personal selling also plays a dominant employment in Estee lauders original IMC system. The take a leak of the internet and Direct merchandising has played a minimal determination in Estee extollers IMC program for Australia. This was identified as a weakness but also as a strength chance to smash and use these promotional alikels in their time to come IMC program. disaccordent weaknesses were nucleotided around poor and improper promotional strategies for throwing their intended jejuneness trade and consumers in their twenties. Brand image, price, parcel of land and growth design were seen as existence also old for the guideed jr . consumer. The b ar-assed IMC program will be pore on overcoming these weaknesses and on reaching the jr. audience in the most sound way. Strengths such amply levels of deformity aw beness, depose and a strong position in the mart do feature been identify and utilised in the future IMC program.The outside(a) analysis involved dupeing insight regarding customers and competitors. A pi rophy reckon was conducted among 18-25 year olds regardingtheir perceptions and discovers with Estee laudator in order to develop a more in-depth analysis of Estee lauders customer stem turn amongst juvenility Australian females. Competitor epitome requisite thorough research into the strategies and positions of Estee laudator competitors in the securities industry place. Major competitors included Lo accepted and Revlon, their strengths and weaknesses were identified and will be get worded during the development of Estee lauders new pose strategy.Although a company has little or no control over their outside environment an effective merchandise communication strategy will anticipate such conditions and respond to them sufficiently. Estee extoller needs to shoot socio-cultural forces such as consumers increasing reach regarding fauna interrogatory among another(prenominal) environmental and loving issues. They must also be aw atomic number 18 of the adverse affects on the IMC program that will occur if any social inhabitation atomic number 18 breached or if any intelligent or political regulations ar breached. The environmental analysis also identifies the chance for growth receivable to the trend in over exclusively retail growth and specific tout ensembley decorative growth in Australia today.If the chase factors be considered Estee laudator live the probability to develop an effective IMC program that will strengthen its distinguish and furnish them to suck a fit into the junior commercialize as they provoke been aspiring to do.I ndustry and fraternity cultureEstee lauder is a commercialise place draw in the cosmetics and scratch-care industry. This market is graduate(prenominal)ly competitory and rapidly expanding, with competitors continually entering the market. They call a range of cosmetics, fragrances and gratecare harvest-homes. Estee laudator is a well established post since 1946 and has grown into a parent company for many another(prenominal) well know skincare and cosmetics notes. These include MAC, Clinique, Stilla, Aveda and Bobbi Brown. This situation analysis will focus on Estee Lauder as a consumer tick off and not the EL Companies empire as a full-length (see extension 1).Internal AnalysisToday, Estee Lauder has a solid customer base in many countries including the USA, UK, Asia and Europe. Estee Lauders and Cliniques combined gross revenue do up 40% of the total cosmetics market luck, with Lancome (owned by competitor LOreal) retentivity the trey largest market share, with 13% of the cosmetics market (Bittar, 2002, p.29). Over the old five years, Estee Lauders sales realise slowed, allowing for Clinique, Estee Lauders sister tick off to gain market share, replacing them as arrive one discoloration in incision store sales (Bittar,2002,p.29). trustworthyly Estee Lauders primary winding objective is shift themselves as the consumers beginning choice for cosmetics. In order to achieve this objective Estee Lauder need to analyse current market efforts and identify opportunities for further expansions that will append and improve the reputable Estee Lauder marking. set StrategiesEstee Lauders prices are at the high gearer end of the price scale leaf at heart the cosmetics market. This is consistent with many of Estee Lauders localisely competitors namely Lancome and Dior along with other subsidiary brands including MAC and Stilla. Their prices are set 20-35% above the price points of Clinique growths. Current RRP prices for conglomer ate Estee Lauder overlaps wad be ensnare in concomitant 2. criticism of Firms previous promotional programso Advertising Print media is the current primary advertising medium for Estee Lauder. approximately of the main channels include fashion and lifestyle magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Vogue, In Style, Marie Claire, Cleo and Cosmopolitan. These magazines are conducted toward females with various lifestyles and levels of disposable income however they are all image conscious and is appealing to Roy Morgans visible achievement segment and those who draw a bead on to be part of this group (Mindset, 1998) (See concomitant 3).Estee Lauder has been featuring Liz Hurley as the face of their cosmetics for the past seven years and has be fortunate in endorsing theirprestigious brand of cosmetics, fragrances and skin-care, (Bittar, 2002). Estee Lauders current models infuse the brand with energy, vitality and in advance(p)ity and aiming to connect the brand with consumers (Sta ff Report, 2003).Last financial year, EL companies allocated $US56 one thousand million to advertising to promote the core Estee Lauder brand. This kind has been consistent over the past five years and is the largest advertising figure of any EL Company.o Internet Estee Lauder set out not utilised the internet within the Australian marketplace. Their current website is targeted towards the U.S, European and Asian markets. It does not provide Australian consumers with a customised information source regarding accessible products and new company developments.o Sales Promotion Estee lauder endorses its distributor such as Myer and David Jones with promotional present packs as an incentive to spend as certain amount of money or buy a specific product. They cover their prestigious image by seldom discounting their products. Sampling promotion has also been employ successfully to promote new products and allow consumers to experience the product first hand, without having to br oadcast to a bargain for.However, this has not been successfully use for Estee Lauders modern sap of Pure Colour range of eyeshadows and lip glosss. Pilot research conducted found although this new range is targeted towards the jr. market, it is hush not being recognised as the brand of choice for 17-25 year olds (see appendix 4 & 5).o Personal marketing all(prenominal) Estee Lauder sales consultant are specifically skilled and have high levels of product knowledge. Cosmetics is a high battle purchase and so requires consultants to have an in depth knowledge of all products offered by Estee Lauder.o Direct trade Currently Estee Lauder are not using the internet for direct marketing sufficiently. Department stores often send promotional brochures to opt in mailing mention clients if new products are released or special(prenominal) offers are available.Assessment of relative strengths and weaknesses of product and brandEstee Lauder as a brand Strengthes High brand sens ory faculty High brand recall rely brand High perceived forest High Brand Equity better customer service Perceived as prestigious brand Weaknesses Communication scheme not in line with target market Price of products too high to allow for repositioning into young market Brand perceived as too old for target market Products not designed for jr. market (i.e. anti-ageing moisturisers) megabucks design for mainstream product lines not groundbreaking and modern, sending conflicting messages and puzzling consumers Opportunities realizable expansion into younger dope markets powerfulness to pursue an online strategy to enhance their marketing communications by introducing online catalogues and creating a direct marketing database. Ability to establish themselves as the leading cosmetics brand in other markets including Australia, specifically targeting 20-30s market and the youth segment. Creation of new communication strategy to build upon existing brand strengths and reputation. Opportunities for co-branding to reach untapped markets. Threats Losing existing customer base i.e. honest-to-goodness market due to new market direction Possible disorderliness for consumers regarding mixed promotional messages targeting the young and onetime(a) market i.e. strategies are not integrated Losing market share Deterioration of perceived brand quality and prestige due to changing the promotional strategies to suit the younger market Potential loss of taxation as a result of decrease product prices to attract the younger customers combative AnalysisAs Estee Lauder redirects their focus from the older aged females to those ina younger age bracket, they encounter a different group of competitors. These competitors operate in the spate market of cosmetics and skin care. severally brand is continually challenged to apply a successful integrated marketing syllabus so as to maintain and/or outgrowth their share of the market and so creating a high level of oppositio n for Estee Lauder.Direct CompetitorsRevlon and Loreal genus genus Paris are some(prenominal) mid-range cosmetics brands that represent Estee Lauders biggest threats. They are direct competitors of the traditional EL Company brand as the quality, price and case of their products are more appealing to the younger market. Recent annual 2000 figures showed Revlon making $1,491,600,000 unsocial in cosmetics sales and Loreal with $12,051,000,000 from cosmetic and skin-care sales combined (http//www.sharelearn.com/520samp.html). Estee Lauder presently generates $2,700,000,000 in the prestige market, and preempt largely be attributed to a higher gross border in retail prices (http//www.myneweconomy.com/articles/020703/estee.htm).Indirect CompetitorsEstee Lauders indirect competitors or product substitutes consist only in skin-care and not in cosmetics. Face-moisturizers and cleansing products are not yet specifically designed or even targeted towards younger women and appear to keep mum target mature-age women. In which case, Loreal Paris offering of skin-care products specifically designed to nourish the skin of young women, offers a substitute for those products not catered for by Estee Lauder.Message and Media Strategies used by Competitors Loreal ParisEvidently, Estee Lauders primary competitor is Loreal Paris because both are competing for leading positions in the skin-care and cosmetics market. TheLoreal Paris brand was developed for infiltration into the mass market and targets young females who desire high-quality, innovative and fashion-forward dish aerial products at affordable prices (http//www.lorealparisusa.com/frames.asp close toloreal/page_a.asp).Their promotional melt Because Im worth it (http//www.lorealparisusa.com/frames.asp someloreal/page_a.asp), has proven to be a success in terms of their efforts to communicate a modern and self- convinced(predicate)-footed message to their target audience. They have used a number of supranational sp okespersons including Andie McDowell, Laetitia Casta, Heather Locklear, Vanessa Williams, Virginie Ledoyen, and Milla Jovovich (http//www.lorealparisusa.com/frames.aspaboutloreal/page_a.asp), all illustrious actors and models, to endorse the quality of Loreal Paris products and give way young females an image to aspire to. exploitation a range of international faces allows Loreal Paris to target the cultural youth market because it promotes a wide cosmetics range fit any skin colour and image. This allows them to expand their target market and remain competitive. RevlonRevlon also has a similar marketing come near as Loreal Paris. Their corporate strategy aims to offer young women a sense of glamour, tempestuousness and innovation (http//www.revlon.com/corporate/corp_ca_history.asp) when using these cosmetics.They have recently launched their new face for the Revlon brand Halle Berry a famous U.S. actor, whom exerts an independent, confident and sexy young image for women of t oday. By using this one spokesperson, they have created a unique identity for the brand and encourages the younger market to use the Revlon products so they canful be perceived in the identical way. This consistent image associated with the brand gives consumers an scant(p) product recall whenever they see her in movies, billboards, magazines and other channels of advertising.Key Benefits of Competitors and their stead Relative to Estee Lauders Loreal Paris has established its brand name in the market place since 1907 and therefore high brand sensitiveness large figure committed to R&D and strength to be on the edge of cosmetic engineering science have been targeting the younger mass market for years and are therefore rely in their quality of saucer products and known to sell at affordable prices is the world(prenominal) cosmetics attractor with 16.8% market share product offering is extended to hair colouring, cosmetics, skin care and styling aids thereby enhancing bra nd recognition Revlon has established its brand name in the market place since 1932 have been targeting the younger mass market for years and are therefore trusted in their quality of beauty products and known to sell at affordable prices ranks quaternate in the top ten global cosmetics leaders with 7.1% market share product offering extends to personal care (eg. stop polish), fragrances, cosmetics thereby enhancing brand equity Estee Lauder has the opportunity to penetrate the youth mass market with years of marketing and operate expertise in the cosmetics industry is before long ranked 2nd global cosmetics leader extensive economic resources to conduct R&D has economies of scale because of the size of its preexisting operation trusted as a prestigious quality brand family controlled effort allows for consistency in marketing and steering decisions although no evidence to support this ceremonyConsumer AnalysisCosmetics is a luxury product and involves a high level of involve ment from the consumer (Schiffman et al, 2001). When get cosmetics and skincare, consumers expect to be sure that the products they are purchasing are just and will not harm their skin . Estee Lauder has identified this need and has catered for this by decreasing the risk involved when purchasing cosmetics at pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase stage.Experience at Point of PurchaseEstee Lauder Australia is the third country to undergo dramatic transformations in the appearance of their counters in department stores (King, 2003). The new counters are brightly coloured and have interactive displays, which allows passers by to test products at their own discretion without having to consult Estee Lauder staff. However should assistance be required with any of the products, there are continuously friendly, knowledgeable staff to assist potential customers. All consultants are thoroughly trained and have extensive knowledge about all product lines.This professionalism enhances to the consumers experience of Estee Lauder at the point of purchase as they learn more about specific products and their skin type as well. The revitalised counters are a real feature now as they are by far the brightest and most work out in major department stores (namely Myer/ thanksgivingBros and David Jones) in comparison to any of its direct or indirect competitors and creates a beauty salon like experience for the consumer (Gold Coast Bulletin, 2003). purchaser Roles and CosmeticsUnlike products such as fragrances where the buyer is not the user, the majority of the time, cosmetics buyers are the users of the product. Although, this does differ around increased purchase breaker points such as Christmas, Easter, Valentines Day and takes Day when the buyer (i.e. husbands and boyfriends) are not the end users of the cosmetics. Estee Lauder has identified this and designed their promotional activity accordingly. All advertising (predominantly instore promotion and print media) f eatures young attractive women, that many purchasing the product would see as an aspirational figure. The more youthful Carolyn Murphy featured in the current advertisements provides the younger market that Estee Lauder is before long trying to trance, a face that they can relate to (as opposed to Elizabeth Hurley, who Estee Lauder felt was too old for the younger market). learning of Estee LauderThe perception of Estee Lauder amongst younger flock is that it is a brand for older people (The Nation, 2003). This perception of the brand will clearly take an extended period of time to change, however with the current step undertaken by Estee Lauder, they are well on their way to turning this around (see appendix 7 for Kapferer analysis of perception of Estee Lauder). As the pilot research conducted depicted, Estee Lauders products are priced too highly for the younger market to purchase. If they do wish to conquer this market successfully, they will have to consider pricing option s on certain product ranges to make it more affordable to the target market (See appendix 8). Whilst Estee Lauder is priced too highly for people in this age bracket, they still view the brand as fashionable, as results of the pilot research study concluded (see appendix 9).Environmental AnalysisSocial/CulturalIn recent years consumers have developed a heightened awareness of social and environmental conditions such as animal testing. Many consumers take out strong views towards animal testing and do not want to buy products that have caused animal suffering. Consequently consumers often want to acquire company information regarding animal testing before they buy the product, many cosmetic companies including Estee Lauder shy away from this controversial topic and provide confusing and ambiguous statements regarding the topic as they are guilty of continuing animal testing but wish to avoid habitual opposition (http//www.buav.org/pdfs/cosmetic_experiments_-_bluf.pdf).As well as b eing environmentally friendly consumers expect their brands to be socially responsible and to give back to the community. This force gives Estee Lauder the opportunity to sponsor charities that are important to their target market. Any sponsorship should form an integral part of Estee Lauders IMC to promote the brand as being socially aware and responsible.. If a customer perceives a brand as being socially controlling they will often remove the brand from their evoked set and not even consider them in any of their future purchase decisions.Political / Legal there are many political and legal obligations that Australian cosmetic companies must comply with in order to protect consumers. The creation has the very(prenominal) reasonable expectation that cosmetics should be safe to use as tell on the label and as people would normally expect to use such products (www.ASCC.com.au). All cosmetic companies selling their products within Australia must comply with all Australian Safety Regulations. Cosmetic companies must also comply with the Trades Practices Act among other regulations and statute law regarding product gumshoe and ingredients (www.ascc.com.au).These rules and regulations have ample implications for Estee Lauder and other cosmetic companies in Australia. It is imperative that these regulations are followed as move action can be enceinte detrimental to the company financially. Further more, bad publicity as a yield of not following such regulations can cause irreversible damage in terms of the reputation of the brand.Technological collect to technological advancements there is a lot more information available to the consumers regarding the safety and effectiveness of cosmetic products and the ingredients within them. ascribable to the amount of scientific information and studies available to them, consumers have developed a very sceptical attitude towards cosmetic brands and their products. The implication for this is that Estee Lauder mus t provide consumers with as a good deal information and as much proof regarding product effectiveness as possible in order to despatch the buying decision process. Technology has also worked in favour of Estee Lauder as they have been able use technology to create new innovative products in attempt to gain competitive advantage. sparingChanges on the economy could also have a strong impact on cosmetic sales. Cosmetics are categorised as a luxury item so when the economy is down and consumers have less(prenominal) buying power cosmetics would be among the first product categories to suffer. After the events of September 11 sales dropped to a virtual association resulting in the worst holdiay season for American retailers in years (Bittar,2002). However shortly Australian retail sales has experient strong growth since May 2003 (www.abs.com.au) (See attachment 10). In 1998-99 $4.1 billion was spent on cosmetics, perfumes and toiletries (www.abs.com.au). These statistics indicate i t is a healthy festering industry giving companies the opportunity to increase sales and expand product lines.

The Great Gatsby – the Unachievable Dream

Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of enjoyment is maven of the intimately influential and famous phrases in the join States resolving power of Indep abolishence. The Declaration of Independence encapsulates the original conception of the Ameri great deal ambition the nonion that every individual, regardless of their kind upbringing, could hire the opportunity to reach their full potential and abide a comfortable lifestyle. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The groovy Gatsby takes come forth during the early 1920sa time close that demonstrates the pursuit of happiness, opportunity, freedom, equality and finally the Ameri whoremonger ambitiousness.myrtle Wilson, a significant character in The Great Gatsby, tries to pursue happiness and her the Statesn Dream by make fulling materialistic pleasures on a spare-time activity for wealth and status. The protagonist of the fabrication, Jay Gatsbys quest for consentless love, signifies the fallen American Dream. Ultimately Fitzgerald uses sy mbols such as cars, to represent the American Dream itself, and he uses failed human relationships to symbolize the degeneracy and descent of the American Dream. Through his delineation of the main characters and symbols, Fitzgerald illustrates the decay of morals and values, exemplifying the tail end of the American Dream.Fitzgerald portrays depraved relationships to represent the corrupt American Dream in The Great Gatsby. Emotional intimacy, trust, respect, and usual goodwill constitute a positive and rubicund relationship. To the contrary, the majority of the relationships displayed between the characters are nonadaptive, and diminish the go for of living out a meaningful American Dream with emphasis on a healthy family. For pattern, tom turkey and Daisy are conjoin, yet tomcat has an encounter shortly after tom marries Daisy. Indeed, Daisy is suspicious of Toms conduct on a excursionist they in additionk together to Santa Barbara.If he left the room for a min ute shed look around uneasily and say wheres Tom g single and wore the most abstracted expression until she saw him coming to the admission . This was in August. A week after I left Santa Barbara Tom ran into a wagon on the Ventura channel one shadow, and ripped a front hustle finish his car. The girl who was with him got into the papers, too, because her arm was broken- she was one of the domiciliate maids in the Santa Barbara. (Fitzgerald 51) In addition to the unfaithful relationship shared by Tom and Daisy, Daisy has a twisted conception of her daughter.Daisys early cynicisms towards her daughters life are sh aver just close an instant after the baby is born, as Daisy says, Im glad its a girl. And I hope shell be a fool- thats the best social function a girl could be in this world, a beautiful little fool (Fitzgerald 12). Likewise, as Daisys daughter grows older, the girl is treated like a trophy that Daisy uses for show, and the nurse is left with the responsibilities of the childs care. (Fitzgerald 77). Like Daisys relationship with her daughter, another(prenominal) dysfunctional relationship is between myrtle and her husband George. When George suspects myrtle of cheating, he locks her away.This becomes evident when Tom exclaims, Ive got my wife locked away up there (Fitzgerald 91). Another example of the decline of morals and values in the novel is Nicks romantic ideation of Jordan Baker, in malignity of his launch relationship at home (Fitzgerald 40). most(prenominal) importantly, though, Gatsby has a tragically hopeless dream of obtaining Daisys love. He pursues illegal activities in order to pull in wealth and to attract Daisys affection. Clearly, the multitude of dysfunctional relationships in Fitzgeralds novel represents the misconstrual of the American Dream.Much like the portrayal of relationships, Fitzgerald uses cars to represent the putrefaction of the American Dream. In the 1920s, cars were extremely popular, coveted by all, a nd symbolize the vast opportunities available in the United States. Ironically, myrtle, who expectks American materialism to an extreme degree, ends up get killed by American materialism itself. Throughout her life, myrtle possesses a burning desire for money. She ends up self-aggrandizing her life to Tom and getting killed by her own desires (Fitzgerald 93).Through myrtles death, Fitzgerald conveys that dwelling too frequently on material objects cannot bring about a positive resolution materialism can only bring about destruction. Destruction and subversion are shown through cars as well. Drinking impairs head and decreases inhibitions. Many of the characters drink as a enjoyment and drive under the influence. Since cars represent the American Dream, and crapulence becomes a way of life, one can break up that the characters go about achieving the American Dream in a misguided and dangerous manner. myrtle tries to satisfy her desires by chance onking wealth and tatus in a ttempts of achieving her American Dream. myrtles husband, George, owns a car enfranchisement and repair shop in the industrial waste material of the Valley of Ashes, which depict his impoverisheder severalise. In describing Georges shop, Fitzgerald notes The internal was unprosperous and bare the only car visible was the dusty wreck of a Ford which crouched in a dim corner (Fitzgerald 27). Although George is loyal and hardworking, Myrtle is insatiable with her relationship she envies the East Eggers for living her version of the American Dream while she is stuck in the Valley of Ashes, married to a low class man.Myrtle promptly disrespects her husband as she goes after Tom, a uplifted class, wealthy, and married man, living in the East Egg. This is captured by Nicks description of Myrtle, as he notes, She smiled slowly and, walking through her husband as if he were a ghost, shook hands with Tom, flavor him flush in the eye(Fitzgerald 28). In fact, Myrtle demands that Georg e supply chairs so that she and Tom could contrive against George. During Toms visit, Myrtle demands Get some chairs wherefore dont you so someone can sit work through. Oh, sure, agreed Wilson hurriedly . A washrag ashen dust veiled everything in the vicinity- keep out his wife, Who moved close to Tom. (Fitzgerald 28) Myrtle looks past social values and chooses a life of swelledery in spite of the repercussions that her actions have on her husband.Furthermore, not a single character in this novel feels self-reproach for George when Myrtle blatantly plans to cheat. Indeed Nick and Tom have the following conversation after Myrtle plans her getaway with Tom It does her good to get away. Doesnt her husband object? Wilson? He thinks she goes to see her sis in New York. Hes so dumb he doesnt know hes alive. (Fitzgerald 32) Nick and Tom take George for a fool, and they feel he is vacuous because he is in the lower class. In addition to the treatment of George, Myrtles tragic death symbolize Americas obsession with material wealth. Upon hearing a car approaching, Myrtle runs out into the dusk road waving her hands in the air, at which tear down she is struck and killed by Gastbys vehicle (Fitzgerald 130).Ironically, Myrtles chase for American materialism finish up costing her, her life as she is killed by her own desires in her quest for the American Dream. Jay Gatsby, another victim of his own desires, represents the fallen American Dream in his failed quest to win Daisy, but ends up empty handed in the end and does not receive what he had worked so hard for. Fitzgerald illustrates Gatsbys strong desires for Daisy very early on, for at the end of chapter one lays our first clue, the park light. Gatsby stretches out his build up toward the dark weewee and looks at a green light.This green light is just across the water at East Egg, itemally at Daisys backyard dock. This may be the first intimation we go out of Gatsbys passionate dream, but is extremely all-powerful nonetheless. Gatsbys tragic flaw is that he believes one can recapture the past and keep a moment crystallized forever. From the moment Gatsby fell in love with Daisy, everything he did was for the sole purpose of loving her. This becomes evident as Jordan explains to Nick, Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay. (Fitzgerald 76). Jordan merely explains to Nick that Gatsby similarly hopes Daisy would come by one of his parties and be impressed. He wants her to see his house, she explained. And your house is just next door. Oh I think he half expected her to lay out into one of his parties, some night, went on Jordan, but she never did. Then he began asking people coolly if they knew her, and I was the first one he found. It was that night he sent for me at his dance, and you should have hear the elaborate way he worked up to it. Fitzgerald 77) Gatsby has a blind purist of Daisy and every purchase he makes and fellowship he throws is backing the hopes of attracting her attention. Obviously, Gatsby highly values Daisy and he goes above and beyond to impress her. This statement is further illustrated as Gatsby hires someone to cut Nicks grass to impress her, on the day that Daisy is button to visit (Fitzgerald 81). As well, upon Daisys arrival, Gatsby shows off his bad house to her, brags that it only took him three years to sop up the money in the drug and oil business, and takes Daisy on a tour (Fitzgerald 87-89).Gatsby deliberately excludes the fact that much of Gatsbys money to win Daisy over comes from organized crime and bootlegging. Breaking the law and lies become day-to-day activities for Gatsby on his quest to win Daisy over. Gatsby also shows off his wealth by throwing expensive and beautiful shirts left right and centre as if they were a dime a dozen (Fitzgerald 89). This is to suggest that Gatsby is extremely abounding to the point that his money can be propel around without a care. Later in t he novel, Daisy accidently kills Myrtle while driving Gatsbys car.Nick tries to influence Gatsby that he should flee so that George would not be able to track his car however Gatsby refuses as Fitzgerald notes, He wouldnt consider it. He couldnt leave Daisy until he knew her next course of action. He was clutching at some last hope and I couldnt bear to shake him free (Fitzgerald 141). Gatsby is only when unable to realize that his dream is not a reality, and by being so focussed on his dream he leads himself further and further into a fantasy world. When Gatsby takes Daisys hand he describes her section as a deathless song (Fitzgerald 93).Evidently, Gatsbys idealism is replaced by his inability to understand the changing world around him. Gatsby cannot comprehend that time passes and that one cannot keep the past crystallized forever. Fitzgerald uses the clock at Nicks house to symbolize Gatsbys delusion. The clock that falls at Nicks house that was caught by Gatsby before it could hit the ground, suggests that Gatsby feels he could stop the time from passing. Gatsbys inability to see things for what they really are, are further illustrated by in his remark. Cannot repeat the past? he cried incredulously, why of course you can (Fitzgerald 106). Ironically, Gatsby becomes a parody of himself in the champion that throughout The Great Gatsby, he cannot wait to outer space himself from his true past, but yet he lives his adult life trying to recapture the past he had with Daisy. Gatsby needs to learn that in order to see forward into the future, one must let go of their past. Both Daisy and Gatsby go about achieving their dream in a misguided manner, and have been corrupted by their strong desire to achieve their own American Dream.At last, Myrtle, Gatsby, twisted relationships, and cars, serve as symbols illustrating the corruption of the American Dream shown throughout The Great Gatsby. ethical motive and values decay as the characters seek American mat erialism driven by self-indulgence. The established and impertinently rich aim to get even richer and they comrade themselves with the high class while looking down on the poor. The working class strive to muster up up in wealth and status yet never do as revealed by a song the rich get richer and the poor get- children (Fitzgerald 92). Ultimately, Fitzgerald himself sets up the American Dream to be unattainable by his characters.A crucial element of the classic American Dream is for individuals to intensify up in class based on hard work and merit. In order for this element to be possible, no specific class system may be present. On the contrary, Fitzgerald creates his novel using definite class plane section systems such as East Egg for the established rich, West Egg for the newly rich, and the Valley of Ashes for the low working class. The dreams of the characters in this novel are to rise in status and class, thus turning their lifelong strive for the American Dream to be i nconclusive and consequently unachievable.