Hiring friends and relatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hiring friends and relatives - Assignment Example Knowledge of strengths and weaknesses Finally, more often than not, friends and relatives will reach out to do favors without expecting additional remuneration hence saving on costs (â€Å"The Pros & Cons of Hiring Friends & Relatives par. 1†). On the downside, friends and relatives may be less observant of company rules because of their affiliation to the business owner. Thoughts of impunity may invade their minds and thus create disharmony at the workplace. Finally, the image of the firm may come into sharp disrepute when the friends and relatives aren’t professionals or well qualified. The quality of the output of the firm is compromised at the expense of maintaining relationships (â€Å"The Pros & Cons of Hiring Friends & Relatives par. 2†). A cost-benefits analysis should be done so as to arrive at a conclusion to engage or disengage friends and relatives. From the above argument, it is obvious that they occasion benefits and disadvantages in equal measure. Therefore, only a proper analysis can inform the decision on whether or not to work with

14th Amendment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

14th Amendment - Research Paper Example The 13th Amendment raises some critical questions for the lawmakers, and the 14th Amendment was drafted in order to answer these questions of law. The first question to be dealt was the citizenship of the freed slave; associated to this was whether they have the right to own property like the white. Second critical problem that needed an answer was the treatment of freed slaves by law courts of law. Other problems included treatment of rebels; the loans that were borrowed by the rebellions during the civil war, and the right of rebels to be elected for Congress. The 14th Amendment comprises of 5 sections, they deal with the citizenship, equal protection of law, due process, debt, and power of the Congress to enforce. A brief commentary of the clauses presented in the 14th Amendment along with original is provided as follows. Citizenship by place of birth was not a new law. It has bases in the centuries old English Common Law, and it followed the simple doctrine of jus soli. Until the infamous case of Dred Scott when the Supreme Court abrogated the doctrine, jus soli was a part of American Jurisprudence(Stein & Bauer, 1995). The question of jurisdiction has long been debated especially in the cases of illegal immigrants. The critics have vocalized their concern on the legitimacy of citizenship of the child born to illegal immigrants in America. Another case is of the aliens residing within America, who stay for longer period, and give birth to children in America.

The History Of The Sewing Machine

The History Of The Sewing Machine The art of sewing was invented in the Paleolithic era, where early men used sharp pointed tools called awls to poke holes in pieces of leather and then thread a strip of leather or sinew through the leather to make coverings for cold weather. Then, the idea to make a notch at the end of the awl came about and it allowed the thread to be attached to the awl, this made sewing a lot easier and more efficient.  [1]  Since then, implements for sewing have been tremendously enhanced and refined, but the most significant improvement made to the process of sewing is the invention of the sewing machine. For this essay, I will focus on the introduction and the proliferation of the sewing machine for use in the household in 19th to early 20th century in Europe and America. I will also examine the role that it played in society and the various issues related to the sewing machine in this period of time. History Up to the early and mid 19th century in Europe, sewing was all done by hand, everything from clothing to bed linen and curtains had to be sewn by hand, usually by the women of the family, including girls. It constituted a large part of womens labour in the home. The skills of sewing and embroidery were taught to girls from a young age, and they were expected to be proficient at it. Even girls from rich families which could afford to hire seamstresses were expected to proficient in sewing. The sewing machine was significant enough such that in 1855, the influential and powerful magazine Godeys Ladys Book hailed the sewing machine as the The Queen of Inventions for the time and labour that it would save women.  [2]   The first viable, working sewing machine was invented by French tailor Barthà ©lemy Thimonnier in 1830. By 1841, he has produced eighty machines for use by the French military to sew uniforms. A group of tailors, being fearful of the new technology, broke into the factory and destroyed the machines as they were afraid that the machines would ruin their livelihoods. In 1846, America, a mechanic Elias Howe came up with another design for the sewing machine, using the lockstitch instead of Thimonniers chain stitch method. However, the machine was not well received in America and Howe travelled to England to seek financing for the production for his machine. Upon his return to America, he discovered that the inventors Isaac Singer and Walter Hunter had improved on his design, with a rigid instead of a vibrating arm, similar to the sewing machines that we have today. The machine they made had become a commercial success. After that, many sewing machine companies were set up and many peop le made improvements to the design of the sewing machine. To resolve patent issues, some of these companies came together to form the Sewing Machine Corporation. The next major improvement in the design of sewing machines with Singer Manufacturing Companys introduction of the electricity powered sewing machine.  [3]   Marketing the sewing machine One thing about the sewing machine which I found interesting was the way in which it was marketed and how the marketing of the sewing machine changes as peoples perception of the sewing machine changed. Some of the earliest French advertising material for sewing machines were targeted at men and showed a soldier at the sewing machine. From its introduction until the 1850s, the sewing machine was targeted at men and for industrial use, until it was suggested to Singer Sewing Company that they create a machine for domestic use. Henceforth, the advertising of the sewing machine was targeted at women.  [4]   The marketing strategy was altered to react to the changes of womens view on the increasingly common sewing machine. When the sewing machine was first made available, it was expensive and unaffordable and hence became a status symbol for the wealthier families. The time saved could be used for teaching their children or simply resting. From the 1850s to the 1870s, the sewing machine was also marketed as a piece of furniture, which led to some of the higher end sewing machines coming with cabinet cases that were rather elaborate and fanciful. The sewing machine continued to gain in popularity and by the 1890s, it was common enough for it to lose its association as a status symbol. This led to a change in the perception of the sewing machine. Instead of being something meant to be displayed, it was now a tool that was best hidden from view, even though it was still frequently used. This led to modifications in the new types of machines being introduced, such as the drop head model, whe re the machine could be folded into a table and out of sight after use.  [5]  ,  [6]   Another event that altered the role of the sewing machine was the rise of the ready-to-wear clothing industry in the 1920s. Unlike today, readymade clothing were of better quality but more costly compared to home sewn clothing as they were made by professional dressmakers. At this period of time, the sewing machine was marketed as a money saving tool, allowing women to save some money by sewing their own clothing and look as polished as if they were wearing ready to wear clothing. Advertising from a sewing machine company then claimed that with the help of Greist attachments, the items sewn at home have a finished look instead of a home-made look  [7]   Pioneering new forms of technology An idea in the marketing of the sewing machine which I found worthy of exploration was the idea of hire purchase that began in the 1890s. Clothing manufacturers were unwilling to invest in sewing machines as labour was both cheap and plentiful. Due to the abundance of labour, the wages of the working women were low and their work undervalued.  [8]  The working class women were the group of people that would benefit the most from owning a sewing machine of their own. However, few people from this class of society could afford to buy one, as a sewing machine could cost anywhere from a fifth to half of their yearly income. Owning a sewing machine would allow them to take on more pieces of work and possibly improve their standard of living, making the sewing machine a very attractive piece of equipment. Through the installment plans, women could possibly afford to purchase a machine  [9]  . Though the idea of hire-purchase did not originate from the sewing machine industry, it wa s one of the early pioneers of this method of purchase and the first industry to extend direct credit to the consumer. It was ingenious of the industry to recognize the potential of installment schemes back when such methods of payment were unheard. This is in contrast to todays world where there are hire purchase schemes available for most major purchases. The Sewing Machine and the Industrial Revolution One of the trademarks of the Industrial Revolution was the idea of standardized and interchangeable parts. This process was first utilized by the ammunitions manufacturing industry to produce multiple parts with great precision to produce weapons like muskets. The same level of precision was required in the manufacturing of sewing machines. Isaac Singer saw the potential in this process and his company was one of the first to take advantage of this manufacturing process.  [10]  Production by this method ensured that any two machines of the same type were identical and the quality of the machines remained constant  [11]  . This allowed the sewing machine to be produced on the assembly line, and in turn caused the cost of production to be dramatically decreased, allowing the company to pass the savings on to the consumers. Also, interchangeable parts allowed repairs to be made effortlessly should a part of the machine be broken as the manufacturer could simply send over another piece similar to the one that was broken.  [12]  This made the sewing machine more appealing to the customers especially when coupled together with the decrease in price. The sewing machine was one of the inventions among others that were created during the Industrial Revolution and led to changes in the role that women play in society. The introduction of machines such as the sewing machine, washing machines, refrigerators and vacuum cleaners saved women in the household much time and effort.  [13]  This allowed women to receive more educational opportunities and the ability to become a skilled worker and be engaged in occupations such as teaching or nursing where their labour is of value. Women were no longer tied up in the household carrying out household chores. Conclusion To conclude, I feel that the sewing machine is one of the more significant inventions to be made during the years of the Industrial Revolution. The the study of the sewing machines can help us understand world events and issues that took place during that period of time such as the Industrial Revolution, and the changes in the lives of women. Also, when compared to todays world, the role that the sewing machine plays in the society is vastly different than the role that it played back in the late 1800s. The domestic sewing machine is now something of a novelty. This is just another example to show that as society changes, the needs of the people changes with it. What was regarded as a necessity in the household back then is no longer a necessity today. Beaudry, Mary C. Findings. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Coffin, Judith G. The Politics of Womens work. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996. Connolly, Marguerite. The Disappearance of the Domestic Sewing Machine, 1890-1925. Winterthur Portfolio, 1999: 31-48. McClellan, James E.,and Dorn, Harold. Science and technology in world history:An Introduction. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006. Zakreski, Patricia. Representing Female Artistic Labour, 1848-1890. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006.

Essay --

Gun Control According to â€Å"Capital Punishment, Gun Ownership, and â€Å"Homicide†, it is attempting to answer â€Å"two controversial questions, both related to the problem of interpersonal violence in America.† One of the questions asks if â€Å"the use of the death penalty exert any measurable influence on the rate of homicide in the U.S.?† and the other asks â€Å"what relationship, if any, exists between the level of gun ownership and the level of homicidal violence?† (G. Kleck, 1979) One might ask, â€Å"How do you go about this?† So with that being asked, â€Å"Several issues are examined: (1) the deterrent effect of the death penalty, (2) the relationship between the level of gun ownership and the homicide rate, and (3) the incapacitative effect of imprisonment on the homicide rate.† (G. Kleck, 1979) From my understanding, the appropriate methods were used to support the thesis stated and everything seemed to have made sense. I also believe that the author employed the methods correctly and that there were no errors in the way he conducted the research. Now let’s look to see if the evidence supports ...

Buying decision process for a house Essay

The consumer decision making process involves following five stages – 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post-purchase behavior Problem recognition – With my shifting from India, for the purpose of studies and being with my son and daughter-in-law, and also imminent birth of my grandkid, the present rented apartment of two bed room is likely to be too congested for all of us. This factor along with betterment of my son`s financial affordability to own a house, led us to conclude that we needed a bigger independent, single family house in a good neighborhood. Information search – a. Search for good neighborhood – criteria – towns having good schools in the vicinity of dental business of son. Search based on the opinion of friends and relatives (personal) and online search (commercial). b. Having finalized a few towns, other search criteria for searching appropriate house were used which included size of the house, condition of house and age of the house, and budget, in the selected towns. Again the sources of information were real estate websites, such as Zillow, leading to brokers (one of them was selected based on reviews of his/her services) and independent search. Having failed to locate existing house of our choice, we started looking for another option. c. The next option was constructing a house in a selected locality through a builder contractor. The contractor was again finalized on the basis of online reviews regarding contractor’s quality of construction and fairness in dealings. The contractor suggested a few sites (consideration set). One of them was selected (decision stage) on the basis of location, vastu shashtra, the science of architecture and construction. d. Next stage was selection of type and design of house based on the availability of funds. For funds banks were approached for pre-approval, according to our need. Having decided the budget for the house, contractor’s proposals for few designs and facilities in the proposed house (consideration set) were examined. Evaluation and alternatives – This stage was used three times in the process – 1. When already constructed houses were considered, evaluations of different houses shown by the agent led to rejection of all the proposals. 2. Evaluation of various sites, led to selection of one of the sites based on vastu shashtra (beliefs) and location. 3. Evaluation of various designs proposed by the builder contractor, led to selection of a design depending on our budget, facilities, and requirements/expectations. Purchase decision – The final selection (purchase decision) was made on the factors listed above as well as on the opinion of the family, through joint consultations. Bank loan approvals, on the basis of design, estimate submitted by the contractor and credit history of the borrower, were obtained. The contractor started construction with necessary inputs from us from time to time as the construction progressed. Post-purchase use – We are delighted at the pace of construction, timely completion and quality. We recommend the contractor to our friends. The various stages of purchase decisions were used in various sub-purchases, such as kitchen appliances, kitchen cabinets and countertops, electric fixtures, tiles and carpets, sprinkler system, etc.

Examine Nietzsche?S Statement in the Birth of Tragedy That It Is Only as an „Aesthetic Phenomenon? That Existence Can Be „Justified? to Eternity.

Examine Nietzsche’s statement in The Birth of Tragedy that it is only as an ‘Aesthetic Phenomenon’ that existence can be ‘justified’ to eternity. According to the qualities of ‘eternity’ and ‘existence’ that Nietzsche and Schopenhauer prescribe; it is by definition that something can only be justified in the phenomenal world: the world of ‘existence’. Although this statement describes existence justifying itself to eternity, The Birth of Tragedy tends to illustrate the inverse: eternity justifying itself appearing through existence. However the movement between the states of the ‘physical’ and ‘virtual’ is not directional in the empirically spatiotemporal manner that Schopenhauer takes on. Unlike transcendentalist ideas, what Nietzsche depicts is an apparent duality born in the fusion of the minds twofold reality that has knowledge and perception only of existence. Aesthetic phenomenon offers us â€Å"delight in semblance† and simultaneously offers a greater, metaphysical delight in â€Å"the destruction of the visible world of semblance† (BT: 24). The requirement that a phenomenon must be ‘aesthetic’ is universal in the sense that there is no requirement as to what an ‘aesthetic’ thing is. Supposedly it can be anything phenomenal â€Å"even the ugly and disharmonious is an artistic game which the will, in the eternal fullness of its delight, plays with itself. † (BT:24) Clearly there are degrees of ‘aesthetic’ quality that render more delight, but the delight is equally achievable in the interpretation as it is in the ‘phenomenon’ that is acting as a trigger. Maybe it is more appropriately imagined that ‘eternity’ justifies itself in the phenomenal: because the ‘justification’ takes place when an object awakens a sense of the ‘eternal’, so it is really a matter of seduction, and how effectively this ‘aesthetic phenomenon’ allows the noumenal to thrust itself upon the perceiver. But to say that this takes place wholly on account of how ‘aesthetic’ the phenomenon is, would be to ignore how easily the perceiver is seduced, or how he perceives all together. It is clear that different people find beauty in different things. It is also clear that some may find beauty in nothing, as with meditation. But that brings into question whether we can really have a ‘nothing’ in human experience, for even the most isolated and detached human experience cannot be fully impartial to the world of experience. The point however; is that although ‘aesthetic phenomenon’ is a necessity; it is the openness and imagination of the perceiver that allows the object to justify existence to the eternal. For beauty can exist in everything, but only on occasion do we see beauty to such high intensity that it awakens a recognisable feeling of the ‘eternal’. For Nietzsche, art is a more powerful form of ‘aesthetic phenomenon’, than naturally occurring beauty; the human is more familiar with art, often because it relates more to qualities in the realm of human experience, be it situational or emotional. This familiarity lures the perceiver into a greater degree of belief, acting as a catalyst to the erosion of self identity, as they more easily forget the self, and become overwhelmed by the ‘will’. Nietzsche places ‘attic tragedy’ at the peak of this process, as he mentions the audience become the play, and the combination of two separate art forms allows the birth of a new less physically obsessed, and more enchanting work of art. The degree, to which the audience can recreate the moment that the artist felt in creating the piece, depends partly on the artist’s ability to transfigure the feeling into an ‘aesthetic phenomenon’, but also on the audience’s ability to empathise (hence humanistic art is more effective). This ‘empathy’ or ‘mitleiden’, requires the demolition of the concept of the ‘individual’ and the rise of the innate primordial unity, in order for this eternal intensity, that Schopenhauer, quite carelessly called the ‘will’, to overtake. It is because art is a reproduction of the eternal in a phenomenal form that Nietzsche believes â€Å"we are far from truly being the creators of that world of art† (BT:5), the artist is merely the mediator of the eternal, who engages in procreation. The world that art ‘represents’ itself in is impartial to the world it came from. The description of the divine impregnating the humanly to beget a great ‘art’ generates a dualistic concept, that implies a transcendence from the noumenal into the phenomenal: â€Å"the continuous evolution of art is bound up with the duality of the Apolline and the Dionysiac in much the same way as reproduction depends on there being two sexes†(BT:1) whereas a sexual co-existence involves two opposites, that are of the same substance, Nietzsche is presenting a relation with the being and the immortal. But it seems he places this sense of superiority not in the aspects themselves, rather due to the difficulty of escaping worldly attributes and the natural inclination to view what is beyond us as greater than what we are or possess. He compares our awareness of our artistic significance to that â€Å"which painted soldiers have of the battle depicted on the same canvas† (BT:5) reiterating the impossibility of viewing artistic creation from both angles as player and spectator alike. Within the realm of existence, aesthetic delight serves the purpose of awakening that dormant innocence which provides openness to the primal spirit. This instinct put to sleep by our ‘view’ of the world that quantifies things; a cognition we naturally take on, as the phenomenal world becomes more apparent and through childhood we develop a new paradigm that becomes less aware of the qualitative. This becoming of the individual is characterised by experience, and traded with innocence. For Nietzsche ‘Aesthetic phenomenon’ is necessary to create delight which awakens our dormant self, by detaching us from our conscious understanding, and giving way to a higher delight. Nietzsche describes this battle between the innocent and experienced lenses as a trend not only in the life of the individual but also in culture and its cultivation. The cryptic relationship between Apollo and Dionysus parallels the trend in most cultures to become more like Apollo, and forget their wilder innate counterpart whose characteristics are often mistaken for hedonism. Eruptions of the Dionysian culture are evident in the Romantic period and during the ‘free love’ period in the 1960’s, both characterised by the use of drugs to liberate one from the sense of identity. These periods, unlike the Greek period, remained movements rather than revolutions, as the use of drugs, unlike the use of art was damaging to the economical requirement for a revolution. The Dionysiac’s disregard for conventional barriers, such as the sexual, arise from the ability to be intimate and empathise with any being more than the Apollonian can hope to achieve with even one. This is due to the Apollonian’s failure to ‘empathise’ as Schopenhauer would say, because they are too enthralled with the manifest of their ‘will’ in its represented form to see that the ‘will’ is universal; â€Å"whenever this breakdown of the principium individuationis occurs, we catch a glimpse of the essence of the Dionysiac† (BT:1) one who has no sense of self. Nietzsche’s vision of Dionysian art resolves the question Aristotle asks about the ‘tragic effect’: â€Å"Why is it that we voluntarily subject ourselves to depictions of the terrible in life? Schopenhauer called ‘tragedy’ the highest art form in which we surrender to the ‘feeling of the sublime’. As Nietzsche describes, our horror is replaced by a ‘metaphysical comfort’ where the terrible dissolves our vision of beauty in the Apollonian form; that is designed to protect us and secure our drive to live, this à ¢â‚¬Ëœveil of Maya’ is removed and â€Å"We really are for a brief moment, the primordial being itself†. It is because our Apollonian view of the world cannot remove its inherent characteristics, that the sublime is regarded by Schopenhauer as higher than beauty, and why for Nietzsche, the Dionysian aspect is more fundamental. Islamic Poet Khalil Gibran explains â€Å"The veil that clouds your eyes shall be lifted by the hands that wove it,† these idea raise the question as to whether ‘Aesthetic Phenomenon’ is justifying the world to eternity, or revealing eternity to the world, as ‘Aesthetic Delight’ propels the interpreter, detaching him from the phenomenal. Nietzsche; contra Schopenhauer, believes that the ‘terrible’ is not single handedly a higher form of art, as the Apolline realm is needed as the vehicle that humans understand, to transit one into the eternal. Hence for Nietzsche, ‘attic tragedy’ is the supreme art form that allows the Dionysian to impregnate the Apollonian; traversing the line between intoxication and dream, and being reborn in the world of the individual. Unlike music, which is a ‘mirror’ image of the Dionysian, a direct reflection from one world into the other, tragedy captivates the audience with Apollonian dreamlike images, through which the Dionysian chorus â€Å"Discharges itself†, dissolving the apparent dichotomy from a world of semblance, and unleashing the eternal. For Nietzsche the duality between Dionysus and Apollo is only a psychological one and his liking to the dominant organic notion of the Dionysian in The Birth of Tragedy is possibly a result of his youth, and desire to escape the overly Apollonian culture he endured and despised. Heidegger offers an interpretation of Nietzsche’s use of the word ‘Chaos’ that differs to those non-Greek translations whose etymology of the term, reduce it to words like ‘primordial’ that do not capture the meaning which echoed in its use in mythic tradition. Heidegger’s classical reading of the word imbues an idea of â€Å"that which yawns, the gaping out of itself. Applied to Nietzsche’s aesthetics, this would trivialise the role of the phenomenal which essentially repeats itself through time, in waves, a result of procreation that facilitates the reversal into the non-human, which is simultaneously the same effect as the eternal ‘gaping out of itselfà ¢â‚¬â„¢. The two dimensional effect is really of the same thing, and for Nietzsche has no direction or duration in the empirical senses of space and time; a concept better felt than imagined due to our impartiality, hence the difficulty Nietzsche mentions in describing notions such as the ‘eternal return’. To what extent then, does Nietzsche see the Dionysian and the eternal as relevant to one another, and separate from the Apollonian and phenomenal? If aesthetic delight leads the path from the phenomenal to the noumenal then at what point and to what degree do these dualistic entities that fit that divide the ‘physical’ from the ‘virtual’ relate to each other as properties? Nietzsche claims that attic tragedy is the art form which bonds the Dionysian with the Apollonian, the unison of opposition. He also differs from Kant and Schopenhauer on the nature of the duality between the noumenal and phenomenal, somewhat paradoxically, he accepts the superficial claim, but when digging into the root of the two spheres, becomes constrained by the possibility of analysing such a void, as Paul de Man claims; the reader is â€Å"condemned† to an â€Å"apparently endless process of deconstruction† . This assessment is unfair on Nietzsche’s attempt to find a ‘good’ answer and thus sacrificing a degree of clarity that is expected in describing something that language cannot describe: â€Å"language, as the organ and symbol of phenomena, can never, under any circumstances, externalize the innermost depths of music†¦ the heart of the primordial unity,† (BT:5) his passage summarises the futility of all phenomena in relating to the eternal, but the need for phenomena to create art as a birth giver to the eternal, whereby language is a weaker tool than music and tragic myth. In The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche constantly reiterates the predominant nature of the Dionysiac that â€Å"shows itself, in comparison with the Apolline, to be the eternal and original power† (BT:25). Although not entirely in keeping with Kant and Schopenhauer’s duality, he still bastardises the Apollonian state, highlighting the separateness of the two art forms. This must mean that there is a significant point where the border between states is crossed, in order to form the attic tragedy, and similarly must mean there is a point where the justification of the world to the eternal takes place. But Nietzsche offers no explanation, possibly because these dualities are only a manifestation, that grows as naivety is replaced by experience, and the dream state that verges on the state of intoxication succumbs to a newer ‘physical’ reality. But Nietzsche holds that these two artistic domains are â€Å"required to unfold their energies in strict, reciprocal proportion† so that one can only be â€Å"permitted to enter an individual’s consciousness as can be overcome, in its turn, by the [other]† (BT:25), if such is the case, then either Nietzsche believes these drives truly are the essence of a strict duality, or that they are too rigidly lain into the mindset to be abstracted from and comprehended as a whole. However, if the latter is the case, then the justification of the world to eternity is a human matter, a question of interpretation, where being superhuman is being eternal, and ‘aesthetic phenomenon’ plays no role. In later writings such as Thus Spoke Zarathustra he begins to point in this direction: â€Å"the human is something that must be overcome†, for existence is to some degree a sense understood by the being, but if one can go beyond the being, then one can go beyond world that requires justifying to eternity. His notion of ‘eternal return’ which suggests that the world repeats itself is more ambiguous on the nature of eternity and its relation to the phenomenal . Contra Schopenhauer; Nietzsche’s spatiotemporal relation to the world is not one of distance in space, or places in time, rather one of duration, where the movement between the ‘physical and ‘virtual’ reality is unmeasured, and possibly non-existent as the removal of these relations change the way in which existence and the eternal can relate to one another. Walter Arnold Kaufmann asserts that Nietzsche’s conception of the ‘will to power’ is â€Å"perhaps just as much the heir of Apollo as it is that of Dionysus† ; his suggestion for a monist interpretation comes from Nietzsche’s idea that â€Å"quantitative degrees of power might be the measure of value†. Clearly Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy is unsure or unfinished on the nature of the duality between existence and the eternal, and where its root ends. But certainly, the matter of existence being justified to eternity is a matter of being itself, and the reception of the eternal is integral, where the ‘aesthetic phenomenon’ is just the key. The impartiality of the consciousness with the eternal requires such a key to open this door, but evidently there is a degree to which the mind can feel the eternal, and to say that only an ‘aesthetic phenomenon’ can achieve this is to say that the door can only be opened from one side. Bibliography Pg153: Nietzsche's philosophy of science: reflecting science on the ground of art and life – Babette E. Babich Pg 295 Nietzsche Knows no Noumenon – David B. Allison Pg199 Nietzsche, philosopher, psychologist, antichrist- Walter Arnold Kaufmann The Eternal Return of the Overhuman: The Weightiest Knowledge and the Abyss of Light. Journal of Nietzsche Studies 30 (1):1-21. – Keith Ansell-Pearson. Pg 39 The Prophet- Kahlil Gibran The Birth of Tragedy- Friedrich Nietzsche (Cambridge texts)

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example

Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Example Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Assessing the Endodermal Differentiation of Humans Essay Stem cells are the promise of new skylines in the field of medical specialty with wholly new attacks into how adult male looks at diseases and their remedy and besides promises some penetration and apprehension of cells and cell rhythms. When sperm and ovary cells come together, they form the fertilized ovum, which has the possible to go the full being. This fertilized ovum undergoes farther divisions and becomes blastocyst ( 32 cell phase ) and so the gastrulocyte ( 64 cell phase ) 90 yearss into gestation. It is at this phase that the cells differentiate and make up ones mind their destinies. The cells harvested from these phases are known as Human Embryonic root cells. ( 1 Evans and Kaufman,1981 ; 2Martin et al.1981 ) together with their developmental potency in vivo, ES cells besides show the capacity to organize differentiated cell types in civilization ( 3 Keller 1995 ; 4Smith 2001 ) . These have the potency of going any type of cell in human organic structure. Some of these cells merely proliferate and do non distinguish, therefore staying unchanged throughout the lifetime of a human being, and assisting in regeneration, and replacing of dead cells and fix of damaged tissues. The two most important inquiries addressed by the scientists today are, The ability of root cells to proliferate for periods more than a twelvemonth without undergoing distinction in research lab conditions, The assorted factors involved in ordinance of root cell proliferation and distinction and ego reclamation. Stemness The cells can be classified as root cells by their unique belongingss which are jointly called as stemness of a cell. They include the followers: They are unspecialized, which means that they lack specific programming taking them to developing into a specific line of descent and therefore hold the capableness to go any signifier of cell. This means that they can retroflex themselves umteen figure of times without undergoing distinction into any specific signifier of cell and can proliferate in the beings for old ages together. This is the premier cause for ego renewacan assist us understand the basic mechanisms indies and can besides check the grounds behind dysfunctioning of cells in instances like malignant neoplastic disease. foremost found in mouse ( Bradley et al. 1984 ) when they were induced into host blastodermic vessicles, they generated all types of cells. With this it was besides proved that they can be used to bring forth assorted difffentiated cell types in civilization by ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) . From so on there has been a batch of attempt to standardise assorted protocols and better the efficiency of distinction. Further when hEScs were isolated for the first clip in 1998, ( Thomson et al. 1998 ) a batch of hope was generated on the practicalities of hESC based therapies. Depending on their varied abilities stemcells can be classified into the followers: Totipotent root cells: these can distinguish into any type of cell in the human organic structure. Pluripotent root cells: these are derived from totipotent root cells and after several yearss, can distinguish into any type of cell except for totipotent root cells. Multipotent root cells: these descend from pluripotent root cells and can distinguish into many cell lines within a specific type of tissue. Unipotent root cells: these are the posterities of multipotent root cells and can give rise to a individual cell type. Benefits of Stem Cells Stem cells are presently used to handle malignant neoplastic diseases such as leukemia. You may be familiar with the construct of bone marrow grafts, which have been used for decennaries now to supply a healthy beginning of cells in the organic structure. Other diseases that stem cells may assist include Parkinson s disease, Stroke, Spinal cord hurts, Retinal diseases, Alzheimer s disease, and Type I diabetes Human embryologic root cells are highly powerful interms of their curative value, since they are derived from early blastodermic vessicle phase and have the possible to be differentiated into 220 different cell types. As assorted techniques have been found to better the present techniques and their efficiencies by bettering the figure of attendant differentiated cells and diminishing the figure of contaminations, the hope on usage of stemcells is bettering. There are a batch of ethical contentions environing the usage of root cells, their maintainance and deducing them from embryos, together with immune rejection which is a major concern addressed by the scientists. The processs have to be standardised and the efficiency has to be increased. Stem cells can potentially in the hereafter be extensively used in conditions like malignant neoplastic disease, and birth defects ensuing from dysfunctional cell reproduction and specialization. Lack of public credence and proper authorities policies to back up human embryologic root cell research is another hindrance for more research work in the field. Figure 1 demoing the 10 to 12 twenty-four hours embryo phases, phases in which the blastosphere and gastrula phases are shown in which the endodermal differention occurs Clinical Importance The assorted line of descents developed from the entoderm in an embryo are as follows: Figure 2 Shows the representation of assorted variety meats developed as end point to endodermal distinction in mouse Picture adopted from Stem Book Endodermal distinction in vivo Formation of unequivocal entoderm in the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis The endodermal precursors present in the epiblast move to the anterior crude run. ( Figure 2 ) The Definitive entoderm cells move from the crude run and acquire integrated into the splanchnic entoderm which finally leads to most of the extraembryonic tissues. Surveies show that different cells are mobilised by their neighbors in the procedure of endodermal gastrulation. Figure 3 Gastrulation phase The distinction of assorted endodermal line of descents and extraembryonic entoderm by the endodermal primogenitors in mouse. The figure shows the mouse embryo at 4.5 twenty-four hours phase. The three major beds of the embryo -primitive entoderm, inner cell mass and trophectoderm undergo gastrulation and the procedure initiates the crude run, motion of the epiblast cells and coevals of assorted excess embryologic beds. The endodermal specification is still non clearly understood. In mouse it was found that crude run has to be initiated for the endodermal distinction. to happen. ( Kimura et al. , 2006 ) But in more crude species, endodermal distinction occurs before gastrulation. Endoderm derived functions Invivo The most clinically important of all endodermal derived functions, ? cells and hepatocytes are the most focussed in the root cell biological research of the past two decennaries for the obvious grounds of really high clinical importance. These in vitro engineered cells can be possible remedies of Type I Diabetes and liver disease. There are assorted cistrons which have been used to tag endodermal derived functions Foxa2, Gata4, Sox17, ? foetoprotein, albumen, Pdx1 and insulin. These markers are besides found in the splanchnic entoderm line of descents, which are really the extraembryonic entoderms, but are derived from the same primogenitors. Therefore due to most of these signals being present in both, it s difficult to distinguish them at the cheque point times as to whether they would distinguish into the endodermal signifiers or to the splanchnic entoderm signifiers. But there are some exclusions like the nanog, GATA-4, GATA-6 which play a major function in the distinction, which need to be justly regulated as per some surveies. Absence of Nanog and overexpression of GATA factors would take to formation of Visceral Endoderm. ( Mitsui et al. 2003, Fujikura et Al. 2002 ) . This fact makes distinction of hESCs into unequivocal entoderm tricky and calls for farther probes to understand the molecular mechanisms involved. There is another built-in job, which is that there are no specific factors which can can entirely distinguish the unequivocal entoderm. But, the scientists have been successful in bring forthing endodermal tissues. These include pancreatic islet cells ( Colman 2004 ; Stoffel et Al. 2004 ) , hepatocytes ( Hamazaki et al. 2001 ; Jones et Al. 2002 ; Yamada et Al. 2002a ) , thyrocytes ( Lin et al. 2003 ) , lung ( Ali et al. 2002 ) , and enteric cells ( Yamada et al. 2002 ) . Molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction Assorted signalling tracts involved The cistron regulative mechanisms involved in the endodermal distinction have been dissipated in Xenopus, ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Davidson et al. , 2002 ; Loose and Patient, 2004 ) and zebrafish Stainier, 2002 The TGF?s Nodal, Gdf1 and Gdf3 are endoderm inducers in craniates Henry et al. , 1996 ) did surveies which showed that Vg1 and/or Xnr s are endogenous endoderm inducers. They used the negative activin receptor to barricade Activin, Vg1, and nodal-related proteins. Further surveies ( Agius et al.,2000 ; Dougan et al. , 2003 ; Schier et al. , 1997 ; Thisse et al. , 2000 ) proved that nodal signalling plays a polar function in endodermal and mesoblastic cell destinies. Another survey shows that the endodermal tissue is lost in embryos by the mutants in Nodal proteolytic activation site or Smad 2 and 3 signals are reduced. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ; Dunn et al. , 2004 ; Liu et al. , 2004 ; Lowe et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ) . Lefty 2 is known to be involved downstream of Nodal moving as a represser, since higher concentrations of Lefty2 leads to excess endodemal formation. Further downstream GDf1 or 3 is involved in go throughing on the Nodal activity as they form heterodimers and signal at broader scopes. ( Tanaka et al. , 2007 ) Positive feedback mechanism of Canonical Wnt tract, GATA factors and Nodal signalling Nodal and ? catenin are straight involved in formation of the crude run. ( Conlon et al. , 1994 ; Huelsken et al. , 2000 ) . Many Wnt cistrons are found to be expressed in blastosphere and gastrula phases. ( Kemp et al. , 2005 ) . Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and proximal epiblast in the gastrula. Both these signals activate each other. ( Ben-Haim et al. , 2006 ) These signals interact with each other locally, i.e Nodal stimulates Wnt locally in anterior crude run cells. The other factors involved in this tract are FoxH1 which binds at the FAST binding site nowadays in Nodal regulative part ( Hoodless et al. , 2001 ; Norris et al. , 2002 ; Yamamoto et al. , 2001 ) . Another protein which is involved in the procedure is Cripto which interacts straight with Nodal and Alk4. Another survey shows that Cripto bints to Wnt11 and activates A ; szlig ; -catenin ( Tao et al. , 2005 ) . The endodermal distinction is influenced by two different positive feedback loops one after another. A mathematical theoretical account generated shows that the cell choses either mesoblastic or mesendodermal destinies depending on the clip it and it s precursors are exposed to Nodal signalling, than really the concentration of Nodal as shown in old surveies. This is in footings with the fact that Nodal plays a polar function in dorso-ventral axis specification. The GATA factors There have been many written text factors identified which act downstream to assorted signal proteins straight responsible in endodermal distinction. Most GATA household members act downstream to Nodal. There are the forkhead written text factors, or the FoxA household of proteins which take forward the signals from the GATAs. Out of the GATA household of proteins, GATA 4 and 6 are known to play of import function in entoderm and mesendodermal formation, whereas GATA5 is non greatly conducive as tested in a smasher mice experimentation. ( Reiter et al. , 1999 ) . These cistrons besides activate functional factors involved in grownup endodermal tissues like hepatic atomic factor 4/HNF4, stomachic H+/K+ ATPase, etc. Figure 4 Interactions between assorted signalling tracts involved in Endodermal distinction Forkhead factors ( Class FoxA ) and their function in endodermal distinction FoxA2 is known to be active in the early gastrula stage and is seen to be positive for bow and midgut parts. FoxA1 and FoxA3 are involved in endodermal distinction, but their absence merely decreases the per centum of endodermal development doing them non-compulsory factors. ( Ang et al. , 1993 ; Dufort et al. , 1998 ; Sasaki and Hogan, 1993 ; Weinstein et al. , 1994 ) . These factors are known to be regulated by T- boxes and Tcfs ( Davidson et al. , 2002 ) . Sox17 It is known to be expressed in Visceral entoderm and subsequently spreads to the excess embryologic VE. It besides expresses itself in Definitive entoderm. ( Kanai-Azuma et al. , 2002 ) Some surveies utilizing boosters show that TGF?s modulate Sox17 ( Howard et al. , 2007 ) Sox17 straight activates the endodermal cistrons HNF1? , FoxA1, FoxA2 and Endodermin, partly by the interactive interactions with ?-catenin ( Ahmed et al. , 2004 ; Sinner et al. , 2004 ) . The other endodermal cistrons are regulated by Mixer or by the interacting Mixer and Sox17 twosomes. ( Sinner et al. , 2006 ) Mix household It is chiefly expressed in the external beds of endoderm/mesoderm, and is capable of bring oning entoderm in specific. Mixl1 and BIx1/Mix4 induce the entoderm. ( Henry and Melton, 1998, Tada et al. , 1998 ) . It is by and large found to be present in splanchnic entoderm and in nascent crude run, and is absent in unequivocal entoderm. But another survey shows that overexpression of Mixl1 can do inordinate endodermal formation ( Hart et al. , 2002 ) . They are known to adhere to SMAD2/4 dimers in the activin antiphonal part. ( Howell et al. , 1999 ) . Differentiation of extraembryonic entoderm line of descents It is of import to analyze and analyze the excess embryonic line of descents since they are really similar to the unequivocal entoderms, and are driven by same Cascadess of factors and come from same primogenitors. Crude entoderm is known to be coming from the inner cell mass Weber et al. , 1999 and some other cells get attached to the base membrane of the inner cell mass and so go the splanchnic entoderm, some differentiate into the mesenchyme and are known as the parietal entoderm. Most of this is understood by the invivo analysis and by embryologic root cell distinction experiments. Crude entoderm Inner cell mass has assorted line of descents in itself and different type of cells can be identified by the assorted cell surface markers. Once the epiblast is formed with the crude entoderm there are a few phenotypic alterations which can be recognised ( Gerbe et al. , 2008 ; Plusa et al. , 2008 ) . Generally Pou5f1 is used to bring on crude entoderm and is noticed invivo in really high concentrations in the blastodermic vessicle phase. ( Niwa et al. , 2000 ) . The XT between assorted signals is evident in the inner cell mass in the blastodermic vessicle phase. Grb2, Fgf4 receptor 2 and Fgf4 is a demand for crude entoderm formation. In the embryoid organic structures, insilico some Fgf receptors prevent this formation. And these are regulated by the GATA factors, Gata6, and Gata4 Li et al. , 2004. These act downstream to the Fgfs and Fgfs are known repressers of Nanog. Hamazaki and Terada, 2003. The activation mechanism of Fgf is unknown but occurs in the inner cell mass. The crude entoderm besides comprises of the extraembryonic endodermal cells. Kunath et al. , 2005. There have been many cistrons identified specific to the crude entoderm. The cistron look analysis have identified the crude entoderm specific factors. But these surveies are done on civilizations developed on mouse embryologic fibroblasts and farther surveies have to be done to guarantee MEF derived factors do non back up these cistron look forms. Parietal entoderm Differentiation further from crude entoderm to either splanchnic or parietal entoderm is non to the full escavated. This procedure happens at E 6.5 7.5. ( Gardner, 1982 ) . The acceptance of parietal endodermal destiny is due to a composite cascade which is to the full non known, but in presence of host blastodermic vessicles, the splanchnic endodermal cells and crude endodermal cells undergo distinction to organize parietal entoderm. Exvivo surveies show that parietal entoderm is induced when GATA4 and GATA6 are over expressed. ( Fujikura et al. , 2002 ) . Sox7 acts downstream and induces the GATA factor. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ( PTHrP ) produced by trophoblast cells and induces mesenchymal passage in crude entoderm. Veltmaat et al. , 2000 Visceral entoderm The distinction into the splanchnic entoderm is influenced by assorted written text factors, HNF4 Duncan et al. , 1997. It is expressed in the crude entoderm ( twenty-four hours 4.5 to 5.25 ) . Upstream to HNF4 is the BMP2 or the BMP4 and the activin receptor. With these HNF1? and Foxa2 are besides involved in the cascade of signals. ( Barbacci et al. , 1999 ) . Gata factors are besides portion of the cascade which includes GATA4 and GATA6 ( Morrisey et al. , 1998 ) . These factors are besides known to be modulating unequivocal entoderm and therefore are of significance. The assorted interactions between these factors are unknown and merely the assorted factors which may be responsible for distinction into peculiar line of descent are understood through the cistron look analysis. The mechanism of control of the cascade still remains a mystifier. The anterior splanchnic endodermal formation happens due to co look of HNF1? and Transthyretin. ( Torres-Padilla et al. , 2007 ) . ?-fetoprotein and Ihh are other factors which regulate splanchnic endoderm formation. Nodal is besides shown to be expressed by splanchnic entoderm. ( Mesnard et al. , 2006 ) . It acts as a downstream regulator for all the above mentioned factors. Wnt 3 is known to be expressed in the posterior part. Kimura et al. , 2000. Both Wnt 3 and Foxa2 with the Otx2 booster act downstream to HNF4 and besides act as negative feedback inhibitors of the Nodal tract, which leads to the posterior part transforming into the crude run. ( Perea-Gomez et al. , 2002 ) . Endodermal distinction in silico Introduction By add-on of assorted distinction factors, human embryologic root cells differentiate into the three source beds, entoderm, mesoblast and the exoderm. ( Keller 1995 ; Smith 2001 ) .By the initiation of BMP4, hESCs bend to tropoblast line of descents. ( Xu et Al. 2002 ) . There are three established methods to enduce endodermal distinction. Figure 5 Showing the three available schemes for distinction of embryologic root cells. Picture taken from They are as follows: The first method involves hESCs organizing embryoid organic structures ( Keller 1995 ) . This allows culturing in three dimentional scaffolds, but regular monitoring of cells and assorted factors produced by them is tough. Thus this method can non be used in experiments to find the molecular mechanisms of root cells, but with better monitoring and usage of bioprocess control methods, this can be applied in regenerative medical specialty to develop whole variety meats. The 2nd method by and large used is direct culturing on stromal cells. ( Nakano et al.1994 ) .This method provides all growing factors specific to the the specific stromal cell line used. But certain factors produced by these stromal cells can suppress the growing of hESCs and when choosing the cell line, it has to be ensured that there are minimum cell-cell interactions and it doesnt impact the involvements of the experiment concerned. Third method involves culturing hESCs on extracellular matrix proteins. ( Nishikawa et al. 1998 ) .This method gives an advantage that all the factors added are good known, and their functions in distinction is good understood. This besides avoids any cell-cell interactions. The choice of assorted excess cellular matrix proteins is really of import and depends on which end point cell line needs to be generated by the experiment. These proteins, their concentrations, and clip of exposure influences the type of cell lines generated and their endurance and maintainance. There are assorted factorswhich demand to be considered before choosing a peculiar method as the distinction protocol. The initial cell lines of hESCs used for distinction, The concluding line of descents desired, The selction schemes should take to high grades of distinction rates, The schemes should be expandible for many coevalss of cells lines, and repeatable without much alteration in distinction efficiency. The end point cell lines must be stable, and should expose appropriate maps specific for the cells and must besides be stable in the transplanted animate being theoretical accounts. The assorted protocols available and the efficiency degrees have been reviewed by Smith 2001. Out of all the above challenges, keeping the root cells for many coevalss and increasing the efficiency of distinction are the most boring 1s. There has been non a great trade of advancement in hESCs, but work on mouse theoretical accounts are really positive ( Pera and Trounson 2004, Schuldiner et Al. 2000 ) . Endodermal distinction through Activin or Nodal The distinction of Embryonic root cells into the entoderm is really self-generated but the efficiency is really low. ( Itskovitz-Eldor et al. , 2000 ) . The assorted experimentations done in early 2000 s to distinguish the clinically important line of descents did non take to any success, but helped in better apprehension of assorted underlying molecular mechanisms of endodermal distinction. ( Hamazaki and Terada, 2003 ; Jones et al. , 2002 ; Blyszczuk et al. , 2003 ; Vincent et al. , 2006 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ; Yamada et al. , 2002 ) . Nodal is one of the premier signals required for endodermal distinction of hESCs. ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ; McLean et al. , 2007 ) . Since Nodal distinction work has been really recent and non really cost effectual, activin has been used as a addendum in early experiments with low serum, ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ) . Most civilizations generated have been on monolayers. ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Efficiency of this method is known to depend on the root cell lines used. Lower concentrations of serum bounds the phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase activity as shown by McLean et al. , 2007. The survey besides shows that MEF conditioned medium can besides supplement for Nodal. About 25 100ng/ml of activin gives 50-60 % endodermal tissues ( Gadue et al. , 2006 ) , but in lower concentrations would bring forth skeletal cells ( Kubo et al. , 2004 ) . The surveies besides showed effects of the sum of exposure and it takes about 6 yearss for markers like Sox17 and Hex to look a nd about 5 yearss for hematopoietic primogenitors to look ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . In a latest survey Achromycins are used to bring on Nodal supported endodermal distinction ( Takenaga et al. , 2007 ) . This new system is known to be more efficient than the activin driven system. But the ground behind this alteration in efficiency is non clearly understood since both have about similar mechanisms of action, except for for their station translational processing. Pancreatic development from ES cells There are two constituted protocols for distinction of pancreatic islet cells from hESCs. 1.The first one involves reassigning EBs from serum to a serum free media. Lumelsky et Al. ( 2001, and so trating with FGF and other factors. These cells produced insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Although the concentrations were low and the cells formed bunchs. But this method was non consistent invivo and did non give positive consequences in mice theoretical accounts. After this, the protocol has seen assorted alterations. Some of them are, usage of Pax 4 written text factor Blyszczuk et Al. 2003, Pdx1 Miyazaki et Al. 2004, suppression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by LY294002 ( Hori et al. 2002. After these interventions the end point differentiated cells the cells performed better in the mouse theoretical accounts to handle hyperglycaemic conditions. There are two nonallelic insulin cistrons, insulin I and insulin II ( Melloul et al. 2002 ) . While insulin I is expressed by -cells, insulin II is by and large expressed in the yolk pouch and developing encephalon in add-on to the pancreas ( Deltour et al. 1993 ; Devaskar et Al. 1993 ; Giddings et Al. 1994 ) . Since these modified civilizations contained neural cells, it can be explained that this lead to the remedy of hyperglycaemic provinces, and this was confirmed by the survey of Sipione et Al. ( 2004 Another survey besides shows that these pancreatic islet like cells absorb insulin into bunchs and within themselves and let go of them during programmed cell death. Rajagopal et Al. 2003 In a ulterior survey activin, exendin -4 and nicitinamide were used to bring forth pancreatic islet like cells which expressed Insulin I with high efficiency. Ku et Al. ( 2004 2. The 2nd attack for the coevals of islet-like constructions is based on development in heterogenous populations derived from hESCs after intervention with serum. ( Kahan et al. 2003This method like the old 1 has really low efficiency but has positive consequences. The attendant cells display most features of the pancreatic islet cells like look of insulin and hundred peptide but in farinaceous signifiers. Again these cells were non capable of supplying insulin for long footings to handle hyperglycaemic phases. A farther survey into this showed that Pdx1 is expressed in early phases of pancreatic development. ( Murtaugh and Melton 2003 ) . The survey besides showed that the organ is dpecified by the gut entoderm. The civilizations was established in G418 + media and were injected into hyperglycemic mouse theoretical accounts for 12 hebdomads and after 12 hebdomads the cell were seen to lose their functionality. Treatment with retanoic acid did non take to pancreatic cells but were endodermal which was proved by a cistron look survey. There have been contaminations in big graduated tables, particularly of the splanchnic entoderm line of descent, and even these cells are known to show pdx1. ( McGrath and Palis 1997 ) . This can be used as a selective marker to take for the differentiated cells. The experiments have besides been done on hESCs and like the mouse cell lines the efficiency is really low. ( Assady et Al. 2001 ) . Hepatocyte development from ES cells Hamazaki et al.,2001have generated a multistep protocol that includes specific growing factors in different phases of distinction taking to the hepatocyte like cells in the civilizations. A farther survey shows that they produce albumens. ( Chinzei et al. 2002 ) . These attendant cells were treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene in order to avoid proliferation of hepatocytes and were tested invivo in mice. Although really low figure, albumin bring forthing cells were detected about 4 hebdomads after injection. One of the surveies identifies cytochrome P450 as a liver specific cistron and this can be used as a distinction marker. Jones et Al. ( 2002 ) . It is besides found that it is non expressed in splanchnic entoderm. Another survey uses indocyanine green ( ICG ) as a marker of hepatocyte development in ES distinction civilizations. Yamada et Al. ( 2002a ) ICG-positive cells in civilizations could be separated easy as heatocyte like cells. This has been possible in human civilizations besides. ( Rambhatla et al. 2003 ) . To bring forth these cells, the civilizations were treated with Na butyrate, a process that killed important Numberss of the distinguishing population. The cells that survived this intervention gave rise to a population that displayed many characteristics of hepatocytes. Although the attack is assuring and consequences in the development of hepatocyte-like cells, the physiological relevancy of the Na butyrate intervention is ill-defined and can non be used in invivo experiments. The old research work in distinguishing hESCs shows some positive consequences and besides repeat the fact that the cells with features of pancreatic -cells and hepatocytes can be generated in helium cell distinction civilizations and the efficiency can be improved merely when extremely enriched primogenitors are accessible and different methodological analysiss for their coevals are defined and are tested in carnal theoretical accounts of diabetes and liver failure for long periods of clip. Molecular features which define Definitive entoderm Foxa2 and Sox17 are known to be expressed in most signifiers of line of descents of unequivocal entoderm as mentioned earlier. This is in add-on to assorted markers specific to assorted line of descents like Brachyury, Goosecoid, Lhx1, MixL1, PDGFR? and Wnt3a ( DAmour et al. , 2005 ; Gadue et al. , 2006 ; Kubo et al. , 2004 ; Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Cxcr4 is known to be portion of the signalling cascade involved ( Yasunaga et al. , 2005 ) . Eomesendoderm is found to move upstream of Mixl1 in endodermal distinction. ( Izumi et al. , 2007 ) . There have been assorted RNA profiling and micro array analysis of assorted cistrons off late to understand this cascade wholly so that in can be reproduced in the research labs. Applications hESCs can be used as tools to understand basic inquiries in developmental biological science and can be used to work out assorted complex medical inquiries. These cells can specifically be used to understand cell destiny specifications, for illustration, the antero-posterior committedness of the unequivocal entoderm cells. They can besides be used as beginning for endodermal cells for biochemical or immunochemical assaies. The hESCs can besides be used to organize three dimentional scaffolds of peculiar endodermal tissues of involvement to analyze endodermal organ diseases. Endoderm regionalization and morphogenesis Assorted marker proteins identified show differed forms from entoderm to organ development. The place of the assorted endodermal primogenitors in the crude run shows their ulterior antero-posterior ( AP ) and medio-lateral place ( Franklin et al. , 2008 ; Lawson et al. , 1986 ; Tam et al. , 2004 ) . The entoderm at this phase can be divided into anterior and posterior countries. Homeo box cistrons are known to be expressed inhESCs ( Hesx1 ) ( Thomas and Beddington, 1996 ) are found merely in the anterior entoderm. It is besides found that anterior entoderm in the early phase with posterior mesoblasts induces posterior cistrons in the entoderm ( Wells and Melton, 2000 ) . The organ formation is driven by extra local signals together with the cascade of signalling which drives the endodermal distinction. Some of the escavated 1s are as follows: Fgf2 is found to be necessary for the development of liver and lungs which is produced by the cardiac anlage. Deutsch et al. , 2001, Serls et al. , 2005. Another factor found to bring on liver development is the BMP4 Rossi et al. , 2001. Another Fgf factor, Fgf10 is shown to play a function in assorted organ development including pancreas, cecum, lungs and tummy secretory organs ( Bhushan et al. , 2001 ; Burns et al. , 2004 ; Nyeng et al. , 2007 ; Sekine et al. , 1999 ) . It is frequently seen that modeling the endodermal cells derived from hESCs is really tough. Some old surveies show that activin goaded distinction coupled with little concentrations of the BMP and FGF ( Gouon-Evans et al. , 2006 ) . Retinoic acid and Fgf10 in absence of Shh leads to pancreatic development. ( DAmour et al. , 2006 ; Kroon et al. , 2008 ) . After distinction for twosome of times or at each transition, all these factors have to be looked for and it must be ensured that it is consistent through out the transitions. Applications of endodermal distinction Can be used to bring forth whole variety meats by utilizing root ce

Respond To Evaluating Job Analysis Approaches Example

Respond To Evaluating Job Analysis Approaches Example Respond To Evaluating Job Analysis Approaches – Coursework Example Response to Evaluating Job Analysis Approaches Lecturer From the posting, job analysis models are essential in helping the organizational management in making hiring, wage, salary and promotion decisions, as well as the identification of the specific work requirement of a particular job. The process entails determining, analyzing and structuring the information about the characteristic, requirements and job components and is important to ensure that the right people are hired in the correct organizational positions. PAQ and task surveys are useful in the process (Sanchez, 2000). PAQs is a deductive method that involves studying multiple jobs where Information gets collected about the job and it is input into a system of job descriptors which gets interpreted as quantitative scores and can be used virtually in any job in the industry. On the other hand, task survey employs a deductive approach and is used in the provision of duties required in performing a particular task (Singh, 2008 ). I support the idea that task surveys are more effective in court proceeding over PAQs as a number of limitations have been identified. It has been noted that PAQs questionnaires have a lot of faults. Another issue on PAQs utilization is on the domain of job that it appropriately covers. It appears more suited for utilization in manufacturing and blue-collar jobs as opposed to the technical and managerial jobs. Moreover, the method does not describe specific behavioral similarities and work activities in the jobs that may mask genuine differences in tasks between them. An example is represented in a housewife and police officer profile as a result of emergency handling and troubleshooting orientation that are necessary for the two positions. Readability is also a main concern with PAQs utilization, and it will require a higher level of reading such as college level for an individual to comprehend the items (Poole, 2000).ReferencesPoole, D. L. (2000). Evaluating Performance Measure ment Systems in Nonprofit Agencies: The Program Accountability Quality Scale (PAQS). American Journal of Evaluation. doi:10.1177/109821400002100102Sanchez, J. I., & Levine, E. L. (2000). Accuracy or consequential validity: Which is the better standard for job analysis data? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 809818Singh, P. (2008). Job analysis for a changing workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 87–99. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.004

How to Develop a Smart GMAT Study Plan

How to Develop a Smart GMAT Study Plan The GMAT is a challenging test. If you want to do well, youre going to need a study plan that will help you prepare in an efficient and effective manner. A structured study plan breaks the huge task of preparation into manageable tasks and achievable goals. Lets explore some of the steps you can take to develop a smart GMAT study plan based on your individual needs. Get Familiar With Test Structure Knowing the answers to the questions on the GMAT is important, but knowing how  to read and answer GMAT questions is even more important. The first step in your study plan is to study the GMAT itself. Learn how the test is structured, how questions are formatted, and how the test is scored. This will make it easier for you to understand the method behind the madness so to speak. Take a Practice Test Knowing where youre at will help you decide where you need to go. So the next thing you should do is take a GMAT practice test to assess your verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing skills. Since the real GMAT is a timed test, you should also time yourself when you take the practice test. Try not to be discouraged if you get a bad score on the practice test. Most people don’t do very well on this test the first time around - thats why everyone takes so long to prepare for it! Determine How Long You Plan to Study Giving yourself enough time to prepare for the GMAT is really important. If you rush through the test prep process, it will hurt your score. The people who score the highest on the GMAT tend to spend a large amount of time preparing for the test (120 hours or more according to most surveys). However, the amount of time that should be devoted to preparing for the GMAT comes down to individuals needs. Here are a few questions you need to ask yourself: What is my target GMAT score? Most business schools publish class profiles that contain an average GMAT score or score range for students who have been accepted to the program. Look up the average score for students at the business school youre applying to. This score should be your target GMAT score. If you have a high target GMAT score, youre going to need to study more than the average test taker.How well did I score on the practice GMAT? Take the score you got on the practice GMAT and compare it to your target score. The larger the gap, the longer you are going to need to study to close it.When do I need to take the GMAT? Determine how long you have before you need to take the test. You don’t want to wait too long into the application process to take the GMAT. It is important to give yourself enough time to retake it just in case. So think about the application deadlines for the schools you are applying to and plan accordingly. Use your answers to the above questions to determine how long you need to study for the GMAT. At a minimum, you should plan at least one month to prepare for the GMAT. Planning to spend two to three months would be even better. If you will only be devoting an hour or less each day to prep and need a top score, you should plan on studying for four to five months. Get Support A lot of people choose to take a GMAT prep course as a way of studying for the GMAT. Prep courses can be really helpful. They are typically taught by individuals who are familiar with the test and full of tips on how to score high. GMAT prep courses are also very structured. They will teach you how to study for the test so that you can use your time efficiently and effectively. Unfortunately, GMAT prep courses can be expensive. They might also require a significant time commitment (100 hours or more). If you cant afford a GMAT prep course, you should seek out free GMAT prep books from your local library. Practice, Practice, Practice The GMAT is not the kind of test that you cram for. You should stretch your prep out and work on it a little bit each day. This means doing practice drills on a consistent basis. Use your study plan to determine how many drills to do each day. For example, if you plan to study for 120 hours over four months, you should do one hour of practice questions every single day. If you plan to study for 120 hours over two months, youll need to do two hours worth of practice questions each day. And remember, the test is timed, so you should time yourself when doing drills so that you can train yourself to answer every question in just a minute or two.

Congressional District Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Congressional District - Assignment Example According to Congressman Jose Serrano, the people in Bronx have been hit hard by the recession and are going hungry. According to Congressman Serrano, who represents the 16th Congressional district of New York â€Å"This is a crisis that I intend to confront head on. We cannot accept food insecurity in the wealthiest city in the wealthiest nation in the world.†. Bronx is a popular but often misunderstood neighborhood in New York. The difference between the haves and the have-nots is the most stark in these sort of neighborhoods. In the year 2000, this district was the poorest congressional district in the 435 districts in the U. S. A. It has a rich historical heritage. It is here that Edgar Allen Poe spent more than four years and a cottage named after him is a popular tourist destination. Bronx Zoo, The Bronx County Historical Society, Bronx Museum of Arts and the Yankee Stadium are the other places to visit. The demographics of 16th congressional district in New York The dat a gathered from 2010 census regarding state of New York is not available. It will be made available prior to April 1, 2011. The figures in this paper relate to data gathered earlier. According to the 2000 census, the total population of the district was 654360 of which there were 304,203 male. The Median Age in years was 27.5 and the highest percent (65.5%) of population was between the ages of 18 and 65 years, totaling 428,285. The total number of Black or African American people was 235,419 to that of White being 133,649. American Indian and Alaska Natives were 7,664 whereas the smallest number in the population data is the population of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 810. The number of people of two or more races was 42,883. The number of males above the age of 15 and married was 75,560 and that of the females was 74,601, not counting the persons who were separated from their spouses. The household population was 637, 081 and the number of group quarters population was 17, 279. According to the 2010 Census, of the total population of 350,876 of persons above the age of 25 years, 50.5 per cent were High school graduates or higher and 7.8 per cent had bachelor’s degree or higher education. The median household income in 2009 inflation adjusted dollars was $23,073 as compared to that of the U. S. A. being $ 51,425. The ratio of per capita income at $ 12,029 to $ 27,041 of the U. S. A. was better progression as the figures in 1999 were $9803 and $21,587 respectively. The data collected by the American Community Survey also shows that 36.8 per cent of the families in this area live below poverty level as compared to that of the U. S. A. being 9.9 per cent. Individuals below poverty line make up 39.2 per cent as compared to 13.5 per cent of the U. S. A. The number of householders living alone is 62,123 where the average family size is 3.64. A total of 14,198 persons live in their unmarried partners house. There were 119,835 males ovewr 15 ye ars of age who had never married, and the females were 130,830. The figures for school enrollment shows that 219,432 persons above the age of 3 years have enrolled in school of which 53,511 were studying High school and 41,268 were studying college or graduate school. Of the population of persons 25 years and over, 27,915 had bachelor’s degree, while 11,185 had graduate or professional degree college rates, household data (i.e. head of

The French New Wave style of film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The French New Wave style of film - Essay Example The film makers during the late ‘50s wanted both on-screen as well as behind the scene works done by the young-ones. This appeal helped to inspire a novel movement of film-makers onto the screen. Nevertheless, this appeal initiated the illusion that those succeeding were all fresh for a jeune film. This paper will show the Cinematography influenced the French new wave style of film. The French nouvelle vague (or New wave) is broadly viewed as the most instrumental crusades ever to occur in film. The outcomes of the New-wave have been known since its founding as a crusade and long afterwards it disappeared away (Cook 34). The new-wave was led by a diminutive group of detractors who penned for ‘Cahiers du Cinema’, a French-film periodical. It was an indication against the outdated French cinema that was more literature than film. The French new-wave established such concepts as â€Å"la politique des auteur,† the insignificance of undeviating structure and jum p cuts. The French new-wave provided a major feel of change within cinema, which would trickle all over the globe (Marie 45). The most notable persons engrossed in the new-wave are unquestionably those who were linked to Cahiers in the mid-‘50s. ... Other French film directors, as well as Louis Malle and Agnes Varda, soon became associated with the French New Wave movement. Every one of them soon-to-be film producers was experienced in cinema history as well as had a craving for movie that could describe them as ‘cinephiles’.   This ‘film devotees’ outlook was due mainly to the Cinematheque Francaise, a movie archive intended to â€Å"support cinema study as well as cinema ethnicity in France† that had been founded by Henry Langlo is with Franju Georges as well as had remained open in the occupation. The Cinema the que afforded accessibility to a vast library of global movies and the detractors of Cahiers utilized as many of them as they possibly could (Marie 23). The notions of the new-wave had been scraping for some time in the critics minds and Cahiers’ editors, and writings of movie critic Astruc Alexandre, predominantly on his notion of camera-stylo. Nonetheless, it is believed that the New-Wave crusade blew up during the 1959 release of 3 films –, Alain Renais’ Hiroshima, Truffaut’s Les Quatre des Coups (The 400 Blows), Godard and Mon Amour’s A bout de Souffle (Breathless). Though Rena is Alain was among the old group of movie directors, his influence and style on the New-Wave was obvious enough within Hiroshima that also awarded the ‘International Critics Award’ in 1959 at Cannes Film Festival. Resna is Alain was not the only director to leave with an accolade at the Cannes Festival in 1959; Truffaut was presented with Best Director for the 400 Blows (Les Quatre des Coups) (Marie 33). What audiences witnessed in these three movies was a dropping of what Truffaut denoted to as grandad’s cinema or â€Å"cinema du

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

International Business Environment - Essay Example Once a British colony, Kuwait's independence was granted in 1961. Throughout, its economy's survival is almost entirely bolstered by its oil production and sales. With the income, the government can have considerable support for its revenues, and attract in foreign workers (Factsheet, 2007). When Iraq under Saddam Hussein absorbed Kuwait in the 1990s, Iraq was overthrown from the country by a US-led military coalition, an event known as the 1991 Gulf war. With that aid, Kuwait became a close ally of the US (Factsheet, 2007). As IMF and the World Bank encouraged most of the countries to do, Kuwait opened to foreign capital and vied for international investment starting from the 1990s. Mainly, Kuwait's strategy is to produce and sell as much oil as they can worldwide that it would become largely, the sole provider of the world's oil and US would certainly have it in its interests. (Pfeifer, 2002) Being the fourth largest producer now, this isn't a far-fetch goal. FDI had been advocated by many to be the boost developing economies need in order to progress sustainably. Globalization through FDI is a mainstream event since the 90s. But policymakers in Kuwait as in the other developing countries are not aware that when their economic fundamentals do not match what is needed for this increase in FDI, however many the incentives they offer to attract FDI , they would just go to waste. But, internationalization through exports is Kuwait's overriding strategy; it is a country looking toward development by globalizing through FDI. (Nunnenkamp, 2001) Kuwait's Foreign Direct Investment A costly financial initiative like the later-to-be-discussed FDI Law is implemented because Kuwait anticipates the potential benefits to outweigh these costs. But the view's shortcoming is that Kuwait, like the others, cannot be sure if FDI really could do much in gearing them towards development. After all, the impact of FDI relies on many

Civic engagement experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civic engagement experiences - Essay Example Some challenges of public concern can only be addressed when people volunteer to serve the community (Sherrod, Purta and Flanagan 368). After finishing my secondary education, I joined a community group of twenty youths and was appointed the chairman. The agenda for the group was to make an effort of solving some of the challenges faced by members of the community. The community was ignorant about HIV/AIDS and the overall hygiene level was below average. As a group we volunteered to organize seminars to educate fellow youths and parents on the causes, effects had how to prevent HIV/ AIDS. We rallied the members of the community to donate funds for supporting the infected persons and the orphaned children.   The donated funds helped the orphans to continue with studies and the infected to afford better. Through this campaign, many people learnt the dangers of the diseases. The community acknowledged that AIDS has no cure and it prevention is abstaining from immorality and being fait hful in marriage. As a result, the spread for the disease declined.As a team, we volunteered to sensitize the community on the importance of maintaining proper hygiene. We donated laundry products and clothes to the poor members of the community. We conducted general cleaning in the neighboring towns regularly. Our campaign on proper hygiene, helped to reduce the number of ailments caused by dirty environment such as malaria and typhoid.   Ã‚  According to Sherrod, Purta and Flanagan (221), Civic engagement has a lot of benefits to the public.

The Management of Restraint and Seclusion for Aggression in Essay

The Management of Restraint and Seclusion for Aggression in Psychiatric Patients in Inpatient Units - Essay Example Although initially nonviolent, Jane turned aggressive during normal sampling for tests and punched the nurse who was collecting samples for the tests. On becoming excessively aggressive, the patient was secluded and further restraint to minimize harm to her, her loved ones and the facilities’ staffs and other clients. However, these interventions are rather controversial and the family members opposed their use just as health care and legal professionals and the public continue to question their therapeutic capacities. Consequently, their use is questioned and opposed in equal measures. Instead, aggression management strategies such as individualized safety plans, patient-specific and focused restraint management and prevention, staff notification of restraint and seclusion phenomena, official briefing and debriefing about restraint and nursing staff mentoring are encouraged. In applying these interventions, a nurse leaders and managers should work with all other stakeholders, especially other medical and nursing staff and the families or caretakers of the patient. Consultative approach to leadership would have been quite appropriate for dealing with Jane’s situation. Transformational leadership theory, which postulates that great leadership emerges in cases of problems and encourages collaboration and teamwork, could also apply in this situation. In addition, the contingency theory, which expects leaders to different behaviours and contexts or circumstances are and react accordingly is also appropriate for handling Jane’s aggression. This paper proposes strategies likely to help eliminate or reduce the use of restraint and seclusion as the first choice measures whenever a psychiatric patient turns aggressive on self or others. Introduction For many nurses working in psychiatric inpatient units, violence and aggression are common phenomena. Aggression continues to pose serious challenges to psychiatric inpatient unit nurses despite the many modern and universal methods and strategies of restraint (Schacht, 2006). The two most commonly used interventions applied in the treatment and management of violent and disruptive conducts in psychiatric patients are seclusion and intervention (Anderson & West, 2011). Notably, the application and management of these nursing interventions vary from one country and institution to another. The central role played by these interventions have been largely highlighted in quite a number of nursing and health care studies and literatures, with most of the authors citing numerous recommendations for managing and reducing mental patient aggression (Peterson, 2004). In most of the studies and literatures, the effects of seclusion and restraint on mental illness patients and the prevention of seclusion and restraint or the reduction of their use are among the most highlighted aspects of seclusion management (The Joint Commission, 2008). Whereas seclusion refers to retaining and placing a ment ally ill inpatient in a room so that the immediate aggressive clinical situation is contained, restraint entails the use of different techniques that are custom-made to confine a mentally person to specific body motions (Cruzan, 1992). Despite the difference in meaning, both seclusion and restraint are measures generally used with the aim of preventing further injuries to patients, harm to nurses and to reduce violence and agitation (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2006). This paper explores the appropriate management and leadership strategies for handling restraint of mentally ill inpatients by nurses. The following case study of an aggressive patient will form the basis of the proposed aggression management strategies outlined in the paper. Sample Case Jane (name changed for confidentiality)

Civil and criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil and criminal law - Essay Example To gain a better insight, these questions can be looked at from two angles as proposed by Ronald Standler: Punishment and Burden of Proof (Standler, 1998). Punishment: In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished in one of the two ways: either incarceration in a jail or prison or fine paid to the government; or, in exceptional cases: execution of the defendant: the death penalty. On the other hand, a defendant in civil litigation is never incarcerated nor executed. Most often, a losing defendant in civil litigation only reimburses the plaintiff for losses caused by the defendant's behavior. Burden of Proof: With certain exceptions, in most cases, in criminal litigation, the burden of proof is always on the state. The case starts with the defendant assumed to be innocent and as the case proceeds, the state must prove that the defendant is guilty. In contrast, in civil litigation, the burden of proof is initially on the plaintiff. It should be noted that, there may be several situations in which the burden shifts to the defendant. With the above discussion in mind, it can be noticed that, in a criminal law case the litigation is filed by the government called the prosecution against the defendant whereas in a civil law case a private party files a lawsuit

The Management of Restraint and Seclusion for Aggression in Essay

The Management of Restraint and Seclusion for Aggression in Psychiatric Patients in Inpatient Units - Essay Example Although initially nonviolent, Jane turned aggressive during normal sampling for tests and punched the nurse who was collecting samples for the tests. On becoming excessively aggressive, the patient was secluded and further restraint to minimize harm to her, her loved ones and the facilities’ staffs and other clients. However, these interventions are rather controversial and the family members opposed their use just as health care and legal professionals and the public continue to question their therapeutic capacities. Consequently, their use is questioned and opposed in equal measures. Instead, aggression management strategies such as individualized safety plans, patient-specific and focused restraint management and prevention, staff notification of restraint and seclusion phenomena, official briefing and debriefing about restraint and nursing staff mentoring are encouraged. In applying these interventions, a nurse leaders and managers should work with all other stakeholders, especially other medical and nursing staff and the families or caretakers of the patient. Consultative approach to leadership would have been quite appropriate for dealing with Jane’s situation. Transformational leadership theory, which postulates that great leadership emerges in cases of problems and encourages collaboration and teamwork, could also apply in this situation. In addition, the contingency theory, which expects leaders to different behaviours and contexts or circumstances are and react accordingly is also appropriate for handling Jane’s aggression. This paper proposes strategies likely to help eliminate or reduce the use of restraint and seclusion as the first choice measures whenever a psychiatric patient turns aggressive on self or others. Introduction For many nurses working in psychiatric inpatient units, violence and aggression are common phenomena. Aggression continues to pose serious challenges to psychiatric inpatient unit nurses despite the many modern and universal methods and strategies of restraint (Schacht, 2006). The two most commonly used interventions applied in the treatment and management of violent and disruptive conducts in psychiatric patients are seclusion and intervention (Anderson & West, 2011). Notably, the application and management of these nursing interventions vary from one country and institution to another. The central role played by these interventions have been largely highlighted in quite a number of nursing and health care studies and literatures, with most of the authors citing numerous recommendations for managing and reducing mental patient aggression (Peterson, 2004). In most of the studies and literatures, the effects of seclusion and restraint on mental illness patients and the prevention of seclusion and restraint or the reduction of their use are among the most highlighted aspects of seclusion management (The Joint Commission, 2008). Whereas seclusion refers to retaining and placing a ment ally ill inpatient in a room so that the immediate aggressive clinical situation is contained, restraint entails the use of different techniques that are custom-made to confine a mentally person to specific body motions (Cruzan, 1992). Despite the difference in meaning, both seclusion and restraint are measures generally used with the aim of preventing further injuries to patients, harm to nurses and to reduce violence and agitation (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2006). This paper explores the appropriate management and leadership strategies for handling restraint of mentally ill inpatients by nurses. The following case study of an aggressive patient will form the basis of the proposed aggression management strategies outlined in the paper. Sample Case Jane (name changed for confidentiality)

In My Own Work Setting Essay Example for Free

In My Own Work Setting Essay In my own work setting we have health and safety policy, child protection/safe guarding, fire safety,first aid, security ,confidentiality. In the regards of health and safety in my work setting I report any issues to Rachel Hancocks(manager) or Paul Hancocks(deputy manager). All staff have there own responsibilities to health and safety in the workplace as well. A risk assessment is the determination of the value of a risk in any working environment and a recognised hazard. In my work setting the team leader of every session does a risk assessment on the working environment. Outcome 2 A safe a challenging environment is important because we as careers have to provide a positive and safe environment to allow the child to grow in a positive manner. Although children also need challenges inn there environment so that they can develop their own skills ,personality and also become independent this is depending on the medical needs of the child or young person. A hazard is something that can cause harm to anybody such as electricity and different chemicals. Whereas a risk is the rating that shows that somebody will get hurt by the hazard. Most risks are calculated in categories of low medium and high Potential hazards to health ,safety and security in my own working environment are:- Stairs Boiler Plug sockets Keyboard wire Doors All these are controlled by risk assessments and regular staff training What is the risk? Who might be harmed and how? What is being done to manage the risk? What else could be done to manage the risk? Who will do this? When will this be done? Date completed Access to the upstairs to extension Children falling down the stairs A safety gate has been placed at the bottom of the stairs that is secured by a chubb lock Staff t monitor childrens whereabouts.Escort children down the stairs All staff  ongoing Outcome 3 There are different non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in my work settings such as, fires ,floods and electricity failure. The actions that I would take in response to a fire are make sure that all the staff and service users(those able to) know were all the fire exits are an how to get them making sure that everybody knows where the fire assembly point is. I would make sure that all staff and service users are accounted for I would do this my taking the signing in book for both staff and services users to the fire assembly point. The actions that I would take in the response to a security incident is make sure the service user was back inside the building inform management and the rest of the staff do an indecent report and a full risk assessment on the incident and service user. The actions I would take in response to an emergency incident are do as the emergency services tell me to do so make sure that the management are aware of the situations wait for the emergency services to arrive then do a full  incident report and record the accident if this was the case in the accident book. Outcome 4 The signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person is unwell are :- High temperature/fever Vomiting Running nose Aching Lethargic Diarrhoea Headache Rashes The signs and symptoms which may indicate to a child or young person being injured are :- Crying Bruising Cuts Headaches Swelling to any area of the body Redness to the skin. The circumstances in which a child or young person may need urgent medical attention are:- Persistent vomiting Skin rashes Dehydration Severe open wounds Head injuries Burns Poisoning Choking Depressive responsiveness Unconscious Persistent pain In the event of a child or young person that required urgent medical attention I would inform the management team I would phone the emergency services or get another member of staff to do so whilst I was still with the child or young person. Inform the parent/career of the service user of the situation assist the emergency services of all the information that is needed of the service user to insure that they et the right treatment. After the event I would fill in an incident report as well as an accident form. Outcome 5 The reporting procedures for any accidents that happen in my working environment are the accident book gets filled in no matter how small or large the accident may be and passed to the management team. When any incidents occur no matter how large or small a full incident report needs to be completed in detail and passed on to the management team. Any emergencies that occur such as an injury medical assistance would be called the accident book would be filled in and also a full incident report would be written all of which the management team would receive straight after they have been filled out. If there was any illness eg. Sickness and diarrhoea the management would be informed and they would contact the parents or emergency contact if the parent wasn’t available and would ask for them to be collected as in my work setting there are many service uses have different immune systems. Outcome 6 The procedures for infection control in my own work settings are whilst assisting or changing a service user would be protective gloves and aprons but also washing hands correctly after the toilet visit. Waste is disposed of appropriately Outcome 7 in my setting we do not receive,administrate or store medication however this would be kept securely and would only be instruction of the parents.

Estimation Importance In Project Management Information Technology Essay

Estimation Importance In Project Management Information Technology Essay Objective of the report: The objective of this report is to investigate the use of Estimation of project parameters like project cost and time, in Project Management. The report starts with the definition of the estimation and its use for a successful project management. A brief description of project estimation process is explained in the report, along with the basic classification of the types of estimates that can be performed for a successful project management. The issues involved in estimating the project parameters in real-time are investigated in a detailed manner. Then critical evaluation of various estimation methods is performed. A complete analysis of the methods evaluated in the report is performed. Finally, the report is concluded with the suggestions on selecting a particular Project Estimation process for a successful Project Management. Importance of Estimation in project management: The four major parameters that control the software projects are time, requirements, resources (people, infrastructure/materials and money), and risks. This is one of the reasons why making good estimates of these variables like time and resources required for a project is very critical. But if the estimation is lower than the project needs it will affect the progress of the project due to the lack of enough time, money, infrastructure/materials, or people. At the same time even if the estimation is over estimated then the company will have to face losses due to the extra expenses or even if the project is sanctioned other projects dont go on since there is less to go around. For any successful project management, estimation is a vital part of project methodology. Estimation has numerous applications like justification of project which has to be applied in the initial stages of the project where in we need to anticipate the benefits which is compared with the costs incurred as well as to decipher comparisons and conclusions that has to be made with technical and functional teams involved in the project. The other additional applications of the estimation are to implement the disciplines required, to protect the resources required to deliver the project successfully, to ensure the support impact of the project is fully understood, to inform and improve the software development process. This document describes the techniques used to produce reliable estimates for the work required to complete projects and tasks. Estimation process: Definition: Project estimation is a process of forecasting or approximating the project parameters like cost, time, effort etc., for a successful completion of the project deliverables. Overview of the Estimation Process: The first point to be remembered about estimation is that it does not finish until the completion of project and is a process of a slow and gradual refinement. For many software projects a project manager can assist the team to create successful estimates by using sound techniques and understanding about what makes estimate more accurate. The team chosen to produce an estimate are typically drawn from IS, customers and/or service partners who have relevant experience of similar previous projects or tasks in the business area. When we want to start a project we need to know basic parameters required in advance like how long it will take, how many people it will require, how much effort it will require. In such cases it is hard to estimate because in many cases projects overrun or project go over budget. Always a good estimation practices keep the project on track and even can earn some time for the tricky, interesting areas. Our estimation process is based on three components: Expert judgement, Consultation with qualified experts from within business and service partners. This is supplemented, where required, by expert input  from software suppliers and consultants.   Experience,  i.e. comparison of the proposed project or task with previously completed work. Task Decomposition, i.e. decomposing the project into components, i.e. a Work Breakdown Structure, and estimating each component individually to produce an overall estimate. This will also reduce the chances of error occurrence. When to estimate: A rough estimate is needed at the initial stage of the project or probably even before the actual project starts. This is because, the final negotiations should be made with the customer, which needs the rough estimate of the cost, time and quality of the project. Also, Estimation is a process of gradual refinement. It should be performed in parallel with the project development, in several phases. Each estimate will be refined to give a converged estimate towards the end of the project. Estimation should be carried out until the completion of project deliverables. There are basically two approaches for estimating project parameters. They are; Top-down estimation approach Bottom-up estimation approach Top-down estimation approach: Top-down estimation approach is usually used at the initial stages of the project. This estimation is usually carried out by the top managers who have little knowledge of the processes involved in the completion of the project. The input to this estimation is either information or the experience of the manager carrying out the estimation. These top-down estimation methods are often used to evaluate the project proposal. In most cases, the best results can be achieved in estimation only when one used both top-down and bottom-up estimation methods. However, it is practically not possible to carry out bottom-up methods until the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) are clearly defined. In such cases, top-down estimates are used until the WBS becomes available. There are many methods in top-down approach listed below: Consensus methods: This estimation method uses experience of a group of people to estimate the project parameters. This method involves project meetings, a place where these people can discuss, argue and finally come to a conclusion from their best guess estimate. The Delphi method comes under this category. Ratio methods: These estimation methods use ratios to estimate project times and costs. For example, in a construction work, the total cost of the project can be estimated by knowing the number of square feet. Likewise, a software project is estimated by its complexity and its features. Approximation methods: This estimation method is very useful when the project to be estimated is closely related to any of the previous projects in terms of its features and costs. By using the historical data of the estimates, good estimates can be approximated with very little effort. Function point methods: Many software projects are usually estimated using weighted macro variables called function points. Function points can be number of inputs, number of outputs, number of inquiries, number of data files, and number of interfaces. These function points are weighted again with a complexity level and summed up to get the total cost or duration estimates of the project. Bottom-up estimation approach: Top-down estimation approach can usually be put in practice once the project is defined or once there is some progress in the project. This means, this estimation is more into work package level, which are responsible for low-cost estimates and efficient methods. It is often recommended that this estimation is usually carried out by people most knowledgeable about the estimate needed. The cost, time, resource estimates from the work packages can be checked with the associated accounts to major deliverables. Also, these estimates in later stages can be consolidated into phased networks, resource schedules, and budgets that used for control. Additionally, customer will get an opportunity to compare the low-cost, efficient method with any imposed restrictions, using bottom-up approach. There are many methods in top-down approach listed below: Template methods: If the project to be estimated is similar to any of the past projects, then estimates of the past projects can be used as starting point estimates for the new project. This is similar to approximation estimation in top-down approach. Parametric procedures: These parametric procedures are same like ratio methods in top-down approach. However, here the parametric procedures are applied on specific tasks. Detailed estimates for WBS work packages: This is usually most reliable method of all estimation methods. The reason for this is that here the estimates are performed by people responsible for the work packages in Work Breakdown Structure. These people have prior knowledge or experience upon the tasks they perform specified in WBS, because of which the estimates are usually most reliable. In addition to the top-down and bottom-up approaches, there is another kind of estimating which is a hybrid of the above two approaches. This is called as Phase Estimating. When there is unusual amount of uncertainty is surrounded by the project, people go for phase estimating. In this approach, two-estimate system is used over the life-cycle of the project. The whole project is initially divided into phases. Then a detailed estimate is developed for the immediate phase, and a macro-estimate is mode for the remaining phases of the project. Difficulties in Estimation: There are two major cases where Estimation problems almost always boil down to estimates that are either too high or too low. Padded estimates, where the team members intentionally over estimates in order to give themselves extra time to work, are a chronic source of estimates that are too high. Other case arises when senior managers give unrealistic deadlines that are a chronic source of estimates that are too low. Both the cases can lead to morale problems. Estimation Tools: Software tools are very important for estimation. Estimation tools are the software packages implemented using any of the estimation methods as its algorithm, to make project managers life easy. These estimation tools help from skipping important tasks in a method. These tools are useful to organise, update and store the results of the estimates. Also, Estimation Tools are useful to: Estimate project size using Function Points or other metrics. Derive effort and schedule from the project estimates using various algorithms and techniques. Perform analysis with staffing, duration etc. and appreciate how realistic they are. Produce and update results like Gantt charts and other tables easily. Maintain and exploit a database of historic data. Import data from other projects run in organisations with which you have no connection. However, one should very carefully select the estimation tools for a particular project. Principle: Required functional capabilities of estimation tools should match the needs and desired capabilities specific to the project. In selecting an estimation tool, one should match the available tools with the overall requirements of the project. In general, estimation tools should: Be very adaptive to any projects development environment, so that one can customize the tool according to the project needs. Be comparatively easy to understand, learn and use. Be able to produce some early project estimates without waiting for the whole project to be completely defined designed. Be able to provide estimates for different phases and activities in the project, if it is classified so. Understand and support wide range of languages and applications, as it is really important for a tool to provide estimates specific to the applications. Be able to provide accurate schedule estimates, whose purpose is not only to predict task completion given task sequence and available resources, but also to establish starting and ending dates for the associated work packages and life-cycle phases. Be able to provide maintenance estimates separately, which includes correcting errors, modifying the software to accommodate changes in requirements, and extending and enhancing software performance. Critical evaluation of the estimation tools: There are many tools in the market for project estimation. However, I am investigating a few and very efficient tools in the current market. PROBE: The name PROBE is derived from Proxy Based Estimating, introduced by Watts Humphrey (of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University). Principle: If a component being built is similar to one built previously, then the effort it takes would be about the same as it did in the past. It mainly helps individual software engineers monitor, test, and improve their own work. Each component in the database is assigned a type (calculation, data, logic, etc.) and a size (from very small to very large). Also, a database is used to store history of size and effort details of these individual components. Later on, when a new project must be estimated, it is broken down into tasks that correspond to these types and sizes. A formula based on linear regression is used to calculate the estimate for each task. Additional information on PROBE can be found in A Discipline for Software Engineering by Watts Humphrey (Addison Wesley, 1994). COCOMO: The COCOMO is the most used estimation tool in the market for cost and schedule estimating. The COCOMO is derived from Constructive Cost Model, developed by Barry Boehm in the early 1980s. Principle: The model developed empirically by running a study of many software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. There by developing a database of the analysed details. Boehm developed COCOMO empirically by running a study of 63 software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. COCOMO II was developed in the 1990s as an updated version for modern development life cycles, and it is based on a broader set of data. The COCOMO calculation incorporates 15 cost drivers, variables that must be provided as input for a model that is based on the results of those studied projects. These variables cover software, computer, personnel, and project attributes. The output of the model is a set of size and effort estimates that can be developed into a project schedule. Additional information on COCOMO can be found in Software Cost Estimation with Cocomo II by Barry Boehm et al. (Prentice Hall PTR, 2000). The Planning Game: The Planning Game is the software project planning method from Extreme Programming (XP), a lightweight development methodology developed by Kent Beck in the 1990s at Chrysler. It is a method used to manage the negotiation between the engineering team (Development) and the stakeholders (Business). It gains some emotional distance from the planning process by treating it as a game, where the playing pieces are user stories written on index cards and the goal is to assign value to stories and put them into production over time. Unlike PROBE, COCOMO and Delphi, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the scope of the project to be estimated. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Like much of XP, the planning process is highly iterative. The scope is established by having Development and Business work together to interactively write the stories. Then, each story is given an estimate of 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Stories that are larger than that are split up into multiple iterations. Business is given an opportunity to steer the project between iterations. The estimates themselves are created by the programmers, based on the stories that are created. Finally, commitments are agreed upon. This is repeated until the next iteration of the project is planned. Additional information on the Planning Game can be found in Extreme Programming Explained by Kent Beck (Addison Wesley, 2000). Critical analysis: In order to have the best estimates of a project, make some rough top-down estimates initially, develop the WBS, using which make bottom-up estimates, and develop schedules and estimates and finally, reconcile the differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches. Also for ideal results, the project manager should allow some time to carry out top-down and bottom-up estimates, there by reliable estimates can be offered to the customer. This will in turn reduce the false expectations for stakeholders. Phase estimation approach is much useful in the projects, whose final nature (shape, size, features) is highly uncertain. COCOMO II can be used for the following major decision situations Making investment or other financial decisions involving a software development effort Setting project budgets and schedules as a basis for planning and control Deciding on or negotiating tradeoffs among software cost, schedule, functionality, performance or quality factors Making software cost and schedule risk management decisions Deciding which parts of a software system to develop, reuse, lease, or purchase Making legacy software inventory decisions: what parts to modify, phase out, outsource, etc Setting mixed investment strategies to improve organizations software capability, via reuse, tools, process maturity, outsourcing, etc Deciding how to implement a process improvement strategy, such as that provided in the SEI CMM Conclusion: